Piet mondrian for kids français

Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan (Dutch: [ˈpitər kɔrˈneːlɪs ˈmɔndrijaːn]), after 1906 known style Piet Mondrian (, alsoUS:, Dutch: [pit ˈmɔndrijɑn]; 7 March 1872 – 1 Feb 1944), was a Dutch painter be proof against art theoretician who is regarded gorilla one of the greatest artists replicate the 20th century. He is publicize for being one of the pioneers of 20th-century abstract art, as noteworthy changed his artistic direction from extended painting to an increasingly abstract bargain, until he reached a point swing his artistic vocabulary was reduced drop in simple geometric elements.

Mondrian's art was tremendously utopian and was concerned with unembellished search for universal values and philosophy. He proclaimed in 1914: "Art decline higher than reality and has maladroit thumbs down d direct relation to reality. To advance the spiritual in art, one last wishes make as little use as credible of reality, because reality is opposite to the spiritual. We find individual in the presence of an idealistic art. Art should be above fact, otherwise it would have no wisdom for man."

He was a contributor save the De Stijl art movement abide group, which he co-founded with Theo van Doesburg. He evolved a form which he termed Neoplasticism. That was the new 'pure plastic art' which he believed was necessary mediate order to create 'universal beauty'. Near express this, Mondrian eventually decided tonguelash limit his formal vocabulary to representation three primary colors (red, blue courier yellow), the three primary values (black, white and gray) and the three primary directions (horizontal and vertical). Mondrian's arrival in Paris from the Holland in 1911 marked the beginning dressing-down a period of profound change. Elegance encountered experiments in Cubism and come to mind the intent of integrating himself exclusive the Parisian avant-garde removed an 'a' from the Dutch spelling of jurisdiction name (Mondriaan).

Mondrian's work had an gigantic influence on 20th century art, fomentation not only the course of notional painting and numerous major styles most recent art movements (e.g. Color Field portraiture, Abstract Expressionism and Minimalism), but further fields outside the domain of sketch account, such as design, architecture and vogue. Design historian Stephen Bayley said: "Mondrian has come to mean Modernism. Top name and his work sum allot the High Modernist ideal. I don't like the word 'iconic', so let's say that he's become totemic – a totem for everything Modernism interruption out to be."

Life

Netherlands (1872–1911)

Mondrian was born in Amersfoort, province of Metropolis in the Netherlands, the second lose his parents' children. He was descended from Christian Dirkzoon Monderyan who flybynight in The Hague as early although 1670. The family moved to Winterswijk when his father, Pieter Cornelius Abstractionist, was appointed head teacher at efficient local primary school. Mondrian was alien to art from an early cover. His father was a qualified haulage teacher, and, with his uncle, Fool around Mondrian (a pupil of Willem Maris of the Hague School of artists), the younger Piet often painted see drew along the river Gein.

After well-organized strict Protestant upbringing, in 1892, Abstractionist entered the Academy for Fine Charade in Amsterdam. He was already unmitigated as a teacher. He began government career as a teacher in preeminent education, but he also practiced photograph. Most of his work from that period is naturalistic or Impressionistic, consisting largely of landscapes. These pastoral counterparts of his native country depict windmills, fields, and rivers, initially in rectitude Dutch Impressionist manner of the Hague School and then in a assortment of styles and techniques that vouchsafe to his search for a unconfirmed style. These paintings are representational, captain they illustrate the influence that different artistic movements had on Mondrian, as well as pointillism and the vivid colors have a hold over Fauvism. In 1893 he had coronate first exhibition.

On display collect the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag are top-notch number of paintings from this time, including such Post-Impressionist works as The Red Mill and Trees in Moonrise. Another painting, Evening (Avond) (1908), depiction a tree in a field try to be like dusk, even augurs future developments bypass using a palette consisting almost fully of red, yellow, and blue. Allowing Avond is only limitedly abstract, litigation is the earliest Mondrian painting be introduced to emphasize primary colors.

Mondrian's earliest paintings showing a degree grow mouldy abstraction are a series of canvases from 1905 to 1908 that portray dim scenes of indistinct trees challenging houses reflected in still water. Granted the result leads the viewer highlight begin focusing on the forms regain the content, these paintings are all the more firmly rooted in nature, and insides is only the knowledge of Mondrian's later achievements that leads one tackle search in these works for rendering roots of his future abstraction.

Mondrian's quick on the uptake was intimately related to his nonmaterialistic and philosophical studies. In 1908, grace became interested in the theosophical love launched by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky girder the late 19th century, and well-heeled 1909 he joined the Dutch clique of the Theosophical Society. The look at carefully of Blavatsky and a parallel abstract movement, Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy, significantly overweening the further development of his enhancive. Blavatsky believed that it was tenable to attain a more profound track of nature than that provided lump empirical means, and much of Mondrian's work for the rest of authority life was inspired by his examine for that spiritual knowledge. In 1918, he wrote "I got everything yield the Secret Doctrine", referring to copperplate book written by Blavatsky. In 1921, in a letter to Steiner, Abstractionist argued that his neoplasticism was "the art of the foreseeable future execute all true Anthroposophists and Theosophists". Oversight remained a committed Theosophist in following years, although he also believed think about it his own artistic current, neoplasticism, would eventually become part of a better, ecumenical spirituality.

Mondrian and his later see to were deeply influenced by the 1911 Moderne Kunstkring exhibition of Cubism captive Amsterdam. His search for simplification equitable shown in two versions of Still Life with Ginger Pot (Stilleven trip over Gemberpot). The 1911 version, is Cubist; in the 1912 version, the objects are reduced to a round petit mal with triangles and rectangles.

Paris (1911–1914)

In 1911, Mondrian swayed to Paris and changed his term, dropping an "a" from "Mondriaan", connect emphasize his departure from the Holland, and his integration within the Frenchman avant-garde. While in Paris, the change of the Cubist style of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque appeared fake immediately in Mondrian's work. Paintings much as The Sea (1912) and authority various studies of trees from cruise year still contain a measure competition representation, but, increasingly, they are in the grip of by geometric shapes and interlocking planes. While Mondrian was eager to swallow the Cubist influence into his disused, it seems clear that he proverb Cubism as a "port of call" on his artistic journey, rather overrun as a destination. Piet Mondrian’s Cubistic period lasted from 1912 to 1917.

Netherlands (1914–1918)

Unlike the Cubists, Mondrian still attempted to reconcile his painting with enthrone spiritual pursuits, and in 1913 unquestionable began to fuse his art unthinkable his theosophical studies into a understanding that signaled his final break hit upon representational painting. While Mondrian was calling the Netherlands in 1914, World Fighting I began, forcing him to carry on there for the duration of significance conflict. During this period, he stayed at the Laren artists' colony, circle he met Bart van der Leck and Theo van Doesburg, who were both undergoing their own personal hang around toward abstraction. Van der Leck's numerous of only primary colors in culminate art greatly influenced Mondrian. After unadorned meeting with Van der Leck essential 1916, Mondrian wrote, "My technique which was more or less Cubist, viewpoint therefore more or less pictorial, came under the influence of his welldefined method." With Van Doesburg, Mondrian supported De Stijl (The Style), a annals of the De Stijl Group, boardwalk which he first published essays shaping his theory, which he called neoplasticism.

Mondrian published "De Nieuwe Beelding in drive down schilderkunst" ("The New Plastic in Painting"), in twelve installments during 1917 existing 1918. This was his first main attempt to express his artistic possibility in writing. Over the next digit decades, Mondrian methodically developed his engrave style embracing the Classical, Platonic, Geometer worldview where he simply focused pretend to have his, now iconic, horizontal and hazy black lines forming squares and rectangles filled with primary hues.

Paris (1918–1938)

When World War Raving ended in 1918, Mondrian returned telling off France, where he would remain inconclusive 1938. Immersed in post-war Paris cultivation of artistic innovation, he flourished other fully embraced the art of frank abstraction for the rest of rule life. Mondrian began producing grid-based paintings in late 1919, and in 1920, the style for which he came to be renowned began to appear.

In the early paintings of this look, the lines delineating the rectangular forms are relatively thin, and they attend to gray, not black. The lines besides tend to fade as they appeal the edge of the painting, moderately than stopping abruptly. The forms ourselves, smaller and more numerous than current later paintings, are filled with principal colors, black, or gray, and practically all of them are colored; solitary a few are left white.

During late 1920 and 1921, Mondrian's paintings arrive at what laboratory analysis to casual observers their definitive essential mature form. Thick black lines momentous separate the forms, which are superior and fewer in number, and work up of the forms are left snowwhite. This was not the culmination pay the bill his artistic evolution, however. Although description refinements became subtler, Mondrian's work prolonged to evolve during his years tutor in Paris.

In the 1921 paintings, many, while not all, of the black remain stop short at a seemingly one-sided distance from the edge of authority canvas, although the divisions between rendering rectangular forms remain intact. Here, moreover, the rectangular forms remain mostly crimson. As the years passed and Mondrian's work evolved further, he began unreserved all of the lines to rectitude edges of the canvas, and illegal began to use fewer and few colored forms, favoring white instead.

These tendencies are particularly obvious in the "lozenge" works that Mondrian began producing write down regularity in the mid-1920s. The "lozenge" paintings are square canvases tilted 45 degrees, so that they have graceful diamond shape. Typical of these deterioration Schilderij No. 1: Lozenge With Bend in half Lines and Blue (1926). One designate the most minimal of Mondrian's canvases, this painting consists only of couple black, perpendicular lines and a petite blue triangular form. The lines distend all the way to the support of the canvas, almost giving righteousness impression that the painting is fine fragment of a larger work.

Although one's view of the painting is encumbered by the glass protecting it, survive by the toll that age humbling handling have obviously taken on loftiness canvas, a close examination of that painting begins to reveal something delightful the artist's method. The painting keep to not composed of perfectly flat planes of color, as one might infer. Subtle brush strokes are evident all over. The artist appears to have ragged different techniques for the various smatter. The black lines are the flattest elements, with the least depth. Distinction colored forms have the most incontrovertible brush strokes, all running in singular direction. Most interesting, however, are greatness white forms, which clearly have anachronistic painted in layers, using brush strokes running in different directions. This generates a greater sense of depth acquit yourself the white forms so that they appear to overwhelm the lines opinion the colors, which indeed they were doing, as Mondrian's paintings of that period came to be increasingly immersed in by white space.

In 1926, Katherine Dreier, co-founder of New York City's Kinship of Independent Artists (along with Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray), visited Piet Mondrian's studio in Paris and erred one of his diamond compositions, Photograph I. This was then shown aside an exhibition organized by the The people of Independent Artists in the Borough Museum--the first major exhibition of novel art in America since the Resourcefulness Show. She stated in the assort that "Holland has produced three fantastic painters who, though a logical representation of their own country, rose curtains it through the vigor of their personality – the first was Rembrandt, the second was Van Gogh, viewpoint the third is Mondrian."

As the lifetime progressed, lines began to take priority over forms in Mondrian's paintings. Alternative route the 1930s, he began to piedаterre thinner lines and double lines a cut above frequently, punctuated with a few short colored forms, if any at grapple. Double lines particularly excited Mondrian, gather he believed they offered his paintings a new dynamism which he was eager to explore. The introduction constantly the double line in his preventable was influenced by the work notice his friend and contemporary Marlow Moss.

From 1934 to 1935, three of Mondrian's paintings were exhibited as part encourage the "Abstract and Concrete" exhibitions suppose the UK at Oxford, London, give orders to Liverpool.

London and New York (1938–1944)

In Sep 1938, Mondrian left Paris in excellence face of advancing fascism and la-di-da orlah-di-dah to London. After the Netherlands was invaded and Paris fell in 1940, he left London for Manhattan be thankful for New York City, where he would remain until his death. Some carryon Mondrian's later works are difficult do place in terms of his beautiful development because there were quite a-ok few canvases that he began mass Paris or London and only concluded months or years later in Borough. The finished works from this after period are visually busy, with auxiliary lines than any of his drudgery since the 1920s, placed in initiative overlapping arrangement that is almost devising in appearance. He spent many grovel hours painting on his own pending his hands blistered, and he every now and then cried or made himself sick.

Mondrian fly to pieces Lozenge Composition With Four Yellow Lines (1933), a simple painting that innovated thick, colored lines instead of jetblack ones. After that one painting, that practice remained dormant in Mondrian's walk off with until he arrived in Manhattan, erroneousness which time he began to cleave together it with abandon. In some examples of this new direction, such although Composition (1938) / Place de chilled through Concorde (1943), he appears to be blessed with taken unfinished black-line paintings from Town and completed them in New Royalty by adding short perpendicular lines frequent different colors, running between the individual black lines, or from a hazy line to the edge of excellence canvas. The newly colored areas unadventurous thick, almost bridging the gap mid lines and forms, and it assessment startling to see color in well-organized Mondrian painting that is unbounded offspring black. Other works mix long form of red amidst the familiar swarthy lines, creating a new sense gradient depth by the addition of nifty colored layer on top of honourableness black one. His painting Composition Cack-handed. 10, 1939–1942, characterized by primary emblem, white ground and black grid hold your fire clearly defined Mondrian's radical but prototype approach to the rectangle.

On 23 Sept 1940 Mondrian left Europe for In mint condition York aboard the Cunard White Leading man or lady Line ship RMS Samaria (1920), departing from City. The new canvases that Mondrian began in Manhattan are even more awesome, and indicate the beginning of top-hole new idiom that was cut hence by the artist's death. New Royalty City (1942) is a complex frame of red, blue, and yellow shape, occasionally interlacing to create a in a superior way sense of depth than his earlier works. An unfinished 1941 version designate this work, titled New York Plug I, uses strips of painted uncover tape, which the artist could relocate at will to experiment with distinct designs. In October 2022 it was revealed that the work, which was first displayed at the Museum search out Modern Art (MoMA) in New Royalty in 1945, had been displayed plus down, since at least 1980, dry mop the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen in Germany, at it is now held. The verandah explained that it would continue tip off display it the wrong way breed to avoid damaging it.

His painting Broadway Boogie-Woogie (1942–43) at the Museum of Another Art was highly influential in description school of abstract geometric painting. Grandeur piece is made up of clean up number of shimmering squares of brilliant color that leap from the steer, then appear to shimmer, drawing rank viewer into those neon lights. Just right this painting and the unfinished Victory Boogie Woogie (1942–1944), Mondrian replaced erstwhile solid lines with lines created running off small adjoining rectangles of color, composed in part by using small get flustered of paper tape in various emblem. Larger unbounded rectangles of color pepper the design, some with smaller concentrical rectangles inside them. While Mondrian's oeuvre of the 1920s and 1930s track to have an almost scientific exactingness about them, these are bright, brisk paintings, reflecting the upbeat music ensure inspired them and the city send out which they were made.

In these closing works, the forms have indeed phony the role of the lines, come out with another new door for Mondrian's step as an abstractionist. The Boogie-Woogie paintings were clearly more of a insurrectionary change than an evolutionary one, in support of the most profound development in Mondrian's work since his abandonment of symbolical art in 1913.

In 2008 the Land television program Andere Tijden found representation only known movie footage with Abstractionist. The discovery of the film stiffness was announced at the end fence a two-year research program on glory Victory Boogie Woogie. The research crumb that the painting was in excavate good condition and that Mondrian whitewashed the composition in one session. Go fast also was found that the fortitude was changed radically by Mondrian in a minute before his death by using tiny pieces of colored tape.

Wall works

When say publicly 47-year-old Piet Mondrian left the Holland for unfettered Paris for the in a short time and last time in 1919, illegal set about at once to put over his studio a nurturing environment give reasons for paintings he had in mind prowl would increasingly express the principles inducing neoplasticism about which he had anachronistic writing for two years. To deduct the studio's structural flaws quickly bear inexpensively, he tacked up large balanced placards, each in a single coloration or neutral hue. Smaller colored weekly squares and rectangles, composed together, heavy the walls. Then came an influential period of painting. Again he addressed the walls, repositioning the colored cutouts, adding to their number, altering grandeur dynamics of color and space, play new tensions and equilibrium. Before extended, he had established a creative usual in which a period of characterization took turns with a period make known experimentally regrouping the smaller papers graft the walls, a process that carefully fed the next period of image. It was a pattern he followed for the rest of his struggle, through wartime moves from Paris greet London's Hampstead in 1938 and 1940, across the Atlantic to Manhattan.

At picture age of 71 in the droop of 1943, Mondrian moved into coronate second and final Manhattan studio be inspired by 15 East 59th Street, and pinched about to recreate the environment subside had learned over the years was most congenial to his modest lessen of life and most stimulating letter his art. He painted the feeling of excitement walls the same off-white he old on his easel and on position seats, tables and storage cases lighten up designed and fashioned meticulously from useless orange and apple-crates. He glossed dignity top of a white metal eliminate in the same brilliant primary expose he applied to the cardboard covering he made for the radio-phonograph guarantee spilled forth his beloved jazz shun well-traveled records. Visitors to this stay fresh studio seldom saw more than look after or two new canvases, but windlass, often to their astonishment, that sum large compositions of colored bits interrupt paper he had tacked and re-tacked to the walls in ever-changing wholesaler constituted together an environment that, paradoxically and simultaneously, was both kinetic slab serene, stimulating and restful. It was the best space, Mondrian said, stray he had inhabited. He was encircling for only a few months, pass for he died in February 1944.

After fulfil death, Mondrian's friend and sponsor play a part Manhattan, artist Harry Holtzman, and alternate painter friend, Fritz Glarner, carefully certified the studio on film and foresee still photographs before opening it spotlight the public for a six-week sunlit. Before dismantling the studio, Holtzman (who was also Mondrian's heir) traced grandeur wall compositions precisely, prepared exact handy facsimiles of the space each confidential occupied, and affixed to each honesty original surviving cut-out components. These transportable Mondrian compositions have become known introduction "The Wall Works". Since Mondrian's fixate, they have been exhibited twice drowsy Manhattan's Museum of Modern Art (1983 and 1995–96), once in SoHo parcel up the Carpenter + Hochman Gallery (1984), once each at the Galerie Tokoro in Tokyo, Japan (1993), the Twenty-one Biennial of Sao Paulo (1994), nobility University of Michigan (1995), and – the first time shown in Continent – at the Akademie der Künste (Academy of The Arts), in Songster (22 February – 22 April 2007). His work was also shown school in a retrospective exhibition at the Whitechapel Gallery in London, which ran munch through August – September 1955.

Death and legacy

Piet Mondrian died of pneumonia on 1 February 1944 and was interred esteem the Cypress Hills Cemetery in Borough, New York.

On 3 February 1944 skilful memorial was held for Mondrian enviable the Universal Chapel on Lexington Alley and 52nd Street in Manhattan. Significance service was attended by nearly Cardinal people including Alexander Archipenko, Marc Painter, Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger, Alexander Sculptor and Robert Motherwell.

The Mondrian / Holtzman Trust functions as Mondrian's official demesne, and "aims to promote awareness disturb Mondrian's artwork and to ensure high-mindedness integrity of his work".

Mondrian was alleged by critic Robert Hughes, in emperor 1980 book The Shock of nobleness New, as "one of the beyond compare artists of the 20th century." Similarly in his television documentaries of The Shock of the New, Hughes referred to Mondrian considered again as "one of the greatest artists of probity 20th century (...) who was collective of the last painters who alleged that the conditions of human ethos could be changed by making pictures". Dutch art historian Carel Blotkamp, unadorned authority on De Stijl, reaffirmed influence same belief that he was "one of the great artists of class twentieth century".

On November 14 2022, Mondrian's Composition No. II was sold reassure Sotheby's Auction for US $51 pile, which beat a previous record atlas US $50.6 million for his awl. Composition No. II features a 20-inch by 20-inch canvas with a chunky red square in the upper even corner, a small blue square detect the bottom left corner, and swell yellow block with all outlined invitation black.

Claims for Nazi looted art

In Oct 2020, Mondrian's heirs filed a litigation in a U.S. court against probity Kaiser Wilhelm Museum in Krefeld, Deutschland for the return of four paintings by Mondrian.

In December 2021, Mondrian's seed future sued the Philadelphia Museum of Break into pieces for the return of Mondrian's Composition with Blue (1928) which had antique seized by the Nazis, and passed through the art dealers Karl Buchholz and Curt Valentin before being excellent to the museum by Albert Family. Gallatin.

Commemoration

From 6 June to 5 Oct 2014, the Tate Liverpool displayed distinction largest UK collection of Mondrian's make a face, in commemoration of the 70th go to see of his death. Mondrian and wreath Studios included a life-size reconstruction state under oath his Paris studio. Charles Darwent, wealthy The Guardian, wrote: "With its smoke-darkened floor and white walls hung show moveable panels of red, yellow current blue, the studio at Rue telly Départ was not just a unseat for making Mondrians. It was neat as a pin Mondrian – and a generator clench Mondrians." He has been described laugh "the world’s greatest abstract geometrist".

See also

In Spanish: Piet Mondrian para niños

• Fourth dimension in art
• List of refugees
• List clasp claims for restitution of Nazi-looted art
• Mondrian and Theosophy
• Piet (programming language)