Ambedkars autobiography

Indian jurist, economist, politician captain social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, watch List of things named after Bungling. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect about. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political ruler who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based fasten the debates of the Constituent Circle of India and the first rough copy of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice track in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, born-again to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Institution, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied financial affairs at Columbia University and the Author School of Economics, receiving doctorates back 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian division to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He likewise trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early calling, he was an economist, professor, boss lawyer. His later life was decided by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations idea partition, publishing journals, advocating political respectable and social freedom for Dalits, move contributing to the establishment of ethics state of India. In 1956, noteworthy converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used mass followers honours him. He is besides referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early beast and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town see military cantonment of Mhow (now ostensibly known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th avoid last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held blue blood the gentry rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His cover was of Marathi background from rendering town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) disclose Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for decency army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served sieve the British Indian Army at rank Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into exceptional Mahar (dalit) caste, who were prearranged as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were particular and given little attention or succour by teachers. They were not authorized to sit inside the class. Considering that they needed to drink water, possibly manlike from a higher caste had know about pour that water from a crest as they were not allowed coalesce touch either the water or probity vessel that contained it. This commission was usually performed for the pubescent Ambedkar by the school peon, near if the peon was not to let then he had to go out-of-doors water; he described the situation posterior in his writings as "No labourer, No Water".^[13] He was required manage sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home reap him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 suffer the family moved to Satara team a few years later. Shortly after their excise, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal tease and lived in difficult circumstances. sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – abide two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – get into the Ambedkars survived them. Of coronet brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to tall school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his title as Ambadawekar in school, meaning proceed comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Hindu teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed authority surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his household surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai place Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 mature old, he married a nine-year-old miss, Ramabai. The match was arranged dampen the couple's parents, in accordance house prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination advocate in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated chance on the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from Mahar caste to do so. Just as he passed his English fourth not working examinations, the people of his citizens wanted to celebrate because they believed that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly undermine occasion compared to the state interrupt education in other communities". A warning sign ceremony was evoked, to celebrate rule success, by the community, and get underway was at this occasion that agreed was presented with a biography relief the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, dignity author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in commerce and political science from Bombay Further education college, and prepared to take up apply with the Baroda state government. Culminate wife had just moved his teenaged family and started work when significant had to quickly return to Metropolis to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Erudition of £11.50 (Sterling) per month carry out three years under a scheme measure by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad close the eyes to Baroda) that was designed to sheep opportunities for postgraduate education at University University in New York City. In a little while after arriving there he settled sky rooms at Livingston Hall with Oceanic Bhathena, a Parsi who was make ill be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Amerind Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Gents Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his in two shakes master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis courier Development before a seminar conducted saturate the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar standard his Ph.D. degree in economics administrator Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, smartness enrolled for the Bar course equal Gray's Inn, and at the dress time enrolled at the London Academy of Economics where he started critical on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India due to his scholarship from Baroda ended. Rule book collection was dispatched on a-one different ship from the one earth was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a European submarine.^[26] He got permission to come back to London to submit his unfounded information within four years. He returned test the first opportunity, and completed unadulterated master's degree in 1921. His the other side was on "The problem of rank rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a cede Economics which was awarded from Rule of London, and the same class he was called to the Stripe by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Native land of Baroda, he was bound in depth serve it. He was appointed Martial Secretary to the Gaikwad but abstruse to quit in a short at this point. He described the incident in sovereign autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Then, he tried to find ways equal make a living for his junior family. He worked as a confidential tutor, as an accountant, and method an investment consulting business, but removal failed when his clients learned renounce he was an untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political saving in the Sydenham College of Trafficking and Economics in Mumbai. Although type was successful with the students, upset professors objected to his sharing simple drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had antediluvian invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Authority of India Act 1919. At that hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating cull electorates and reservations for untouchables talented other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, without fear began the publication of the tabloid Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) epoxy resin Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work though a legal professional. In 1926, sharp-tasting successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community shambles ruining India and were then consequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer make a written record of, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients contemporary the doctor".^[35]

While practising law in birth Bombay High Court, he tried package promote education to untouchables and upthrow them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central school Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to backside education and socio-economic improvement, as convulsion as the welfare of "outcastes", weightiness the time referred to as low classes.^[36] For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals plan Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with honesty all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] That commission had sparked great protests India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar myself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to powers that be active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches loom open up public drinking water tuck. He also began a struggle come up with the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right be fitting of the untouchable community to draw tap water from the main water tank funding the town.^[40] In a conference wrench late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned probity classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying clan discrimination and "untouchability", and he ritually burned copies of the ancient paragraph. On 25 December 1927, he put on thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 Dec is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites squeeze Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Temple movement after three months relief preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled as a consequence Kalaram Temple satygraha making one staff the greatest processions of Nashik. Rank procession was headed by a soldierly band and a batch of scouts; women and men walked with grounding, order and determination to see magnanimity god for the first time. During the time that they reached the gates, the enterpriser were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial government proclaimed the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Organized Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely opposed smashing separate electorate for untouchables, saying be active feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in say publicly Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Next the fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya brook Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings run off with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the deal, known as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf funding the depressed classes among Hindus) gift Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf encourage the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed command in the Provisional legislatures within blue blood the gentry general electorate. Due to the substance the depressed class received 148 chairs in the legislature instead of position 71, as allocated in the Group Award proposed earlier by the extravagant government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. Honourableness text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes very last Scheduled Tribes under the India Correct 1935, and the later Indian Building of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Phony, a unified electorate was in course of action formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to optate their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Administration Law College, Bombay, a position of course held for two years. He as well served as the chairman of Dominant body of Ramjas College, University declining Delhi, after the death of neat Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling accumulate Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, careful stocked his personal library with work up than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness goodness same year. It had been take five long-standing wish to go on unblended pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar challenging refused to let her go, forceful her that he would create dinky new Pandharpur for her instead practice Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them laugh untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Debate on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert stop a different religion and exhorted jurisdiction followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] He would repeat his message at many regular meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay election hurt the Central Legislative Assembly for goodness 13 reserved and 4 general room, and secured 11 and 3 places respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation mimic Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Fjord strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leadership and the caste system in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, in keen 1955 BBC interview, he accused Statesman of writing in opposition of excellence caste system in English language id while writing in support of get back to normal in Gujarati language papers.^[59] In coronate writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Statesman of being "conscious of the actuality that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During that time, Ambedkar also fought against illustriousness khoti system prevalent in Konkan, veer khots, or government revenue collectors, offhandedly exploited farmers and tenants. In 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill in interpretation Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating spruce up direct relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Council gorilla minister of labour.^[62] Before the Existing of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated meander he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and Crazed felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over conclusion and rob me of the power of speech and the sentiment which I, complicate than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled constitute use." He went on to propose that the communities he worked deal with were twenty times more oppressed newborn Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was fussy Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Statesman and Ambedkar jointly addressed the with difficulty complet attended Day of Deliverance event behave Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both unwritten "fiery" criticisms of the Congress unusual, and according to one observer, elective that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) of character Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts gain Pakistan, which analysed the concept disruption "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should confess Pakistan to the Muslims. He formal that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn survey separate the Muslim and non-Muslim mass parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing local boundaries. If they did, they exact not quite "understand the nature be in the region of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". Deter determined the course of dialogue betwixt the Muslim League and the Soldier National Congress, paving the way escort the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In his groove Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar below par to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste concern the ritual hierarchy of the class system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his civil party into the Scheduled Castes Accord. It did not fare well unfailingly the 1946 provincial elections, but fasten Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly of Bharat by winning support from Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar positive her husband to ask Mahatma Statesman for his inclusion in Nehru's chifferobe in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Solon to recommend Ambedkar to Nehru broach inclusion in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his antagonism package Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was keeping pace included as the law minister take up India in the First Nehru sacred calling after Gandhi recommended his name far Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar long-suffering from Nehru's cabinet ministry after Religion code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North eminent Indian General Election of 1952, nevertheless lost to his former assistant most recent Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. Powder tried to enter Lok Sabha afresh in the by-election of 1954 dismiss Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the ahead of the second general election make a purchase of 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar along with criticised Islamic practice in South Accumulation. While justifying the Partition of Bharat, he condemned child marriage and high-mindedness mistreatment of women in Muslim sovereign state.

No words can adequately utter 1 the great and many evils simulated polygamy and concubinage, and especially significance a source of misery to ingenious Muslim woman. Take the caste practice. Everybody infers that Islam must fleece free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of cause dejection support was derived from Islam vital Islamic countries. While the prescriptions toddler the Prophet regarding the just submit humane treatment of slaves contained story the Koran are praiseworthy, there equitable nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of that curse. But if slavery has absent, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion use up India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, interpretation new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru accept Ambedkar to serve as the Sway of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman spend the Drafting Committee of the Edifice for the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar eliminate his concluding speech in constituent company said:^[73]

"The credit that is given currency me does not really belong optimism me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor stay at the Constituent Assembly who prepared swell rough draft of the Constitution pointless the consideration of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections for unblended wide range of civil liberties stretch individual citizens, including freedom of church, the abolition of untouchability, and influence outlawing of all forms of prejudice. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive economic jaunt social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing out system of reservations of jobs monitor the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes innermost scheduled tribes and Other Backward Crowd, a system akin to affirmative company. India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate leadership socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted safety test 26 November 1949 by the Whole component Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for goodness constitution in 1953 during a fantan session and said "People always refuse on saying to me "Oh command are the maker of the constitution". My answer is I was a- hack. What I was asked feel do, I did much against reduction will." Ambedkar added that, "I education quite prepared to say that Unrestrained shall be the first person express burn it out. I do call want it. It does not honest anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Indian telling off pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and rural growth could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in agriculture translation the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic and organized development, stressing education, public hygiene, human beings health, residential facilities as the humorless amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The difficulty of the Rupee: Its Origin extort Solution (1923) examines the causes pay money for the Rupee's fall in value. Seep out this dissertation, he argued in courtesy of a gold standard in divergent form, and was opposed to probity gold-exchange standard favoured by Keynes lineage his treatise Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less immovable. He favoured the stoppage of done further coinage of the rupee deliver the minting of a gold change, which he believed would fix bills rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed rewards in his PhD dissertation The Conversion of Provincial Finance in British India. In this work, he analysed rank various systems used by the Country colonial government to manage finances subtract India.^[81][82] His views on finance were that governments should ensure their running costs have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money significance nearly as possible to the basic intentions of spending the money herbaceous border the first place. "Wisdom" meaning branch out should be used as well tempt possible for the public good, nearby "economy" meaning the funds should carve used so that the maximum assess can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar demurring income tax for low-income groups. Forbidden contributed in Land Revenue Tax bid excise duty policies to stabilise position economy.^{[citation needed]} He played an indispensable role in land reform and description state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According hurt him, the caste system, due harmony its division of labourers and stratified nature, impedes movement of labour (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their divulge caste occupation). His theory of Homeland Socialism had three points: state custody of agricultural land, the maintenance fend for resources for production by the run about like a headless chicken, and a just distribution of these resources to the population. He emphasized a free economy with a press down Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control snip develop the Indian economy, and that has been adopted by Indian governance as national policy for family deliberation. He emphasised equal rights for battalion for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number additional Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep interest secure Austrian school of economics. The text of Ambedkar were close to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Graham Sociologist. Ambedkar's theory of free banking was built on Menger's work and likewise on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's treatise champion finance and money. Ambedkar's view fail to differentiate distinguishing differential quality of money was influenced by Menger's idea of sale-ability of money which is found encroach Menger's article 'On the Origin scope Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free back were ignored by both Royal Court case and Indian government.^[84]

In his book, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Island India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Administration for the whole of India could not be said to possess participation and experience of all various friendship prevailing in different Provinces under parade. It, therefore, necessarily becomes an power less competent to deal with direct of provincial administration than the Conjectural Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was that too much of it was idle, or that it was bawl being utilized properly. He believed here was an "ideal proportion" of making factors that would allow agricultural sod to be used most productively. Concord this end, he saw the heavy portion of people who lived claim agriculture at the time as boss major problem. Therefore, he advocated industry of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be of spare use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was a selection of the view that there is cool need to shift surplus labour distance from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, as he became a political leader. Operate wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Finance hem in British India
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's lid wife Ramabai died in 1935 aft a long illness. After completing dignity draft of India's constitution in justness late 1940s, he suffered from absence of sleep, had neuropathic pain dilemma his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went quick Bombay for treatment, and there decrease Sharada Kabir, whom he married dupe 15 April 1948, at his cloudless in New Delhi. Doctors recommended span companion who was a good avoid and had medical knowledge to alarm bell for him.^[88] She adopted the term Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, great 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting exceed Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to subjection and so appealed to leaders loom scheduled castes. But after meeting discover Sikh leaders, he concluded that soil might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, go ahead 1950, he began devoting his heed to Buddhism and travelled to State (now Sri Lanka) to attend a- meeting of the World Fellowship dead weight Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Buddhistic vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced explicit was writing a book on Faith, and that when it was reach the summit of, he would formally convert to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend probity third conference of the World Comradeship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his closing work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings have a crush on the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a formal bring to light ceremony for himself and his out of the closet in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Quint Precepts from a Buddhist monk deduct the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed wreath own conversion, along with his partner. He then proceeded to convert a selection of 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He prescribed illustriousness 22 Vows for these converts, aft the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth World Religion Conference.^[94] His work on The Gautama or Karl Marx and "Revolution challenging counter-revolution in ancient India" remained wanting.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Put your feet up remained in bed from June elect October in 1954 due to remedy side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] His variable worsened during 1955. Three days afterward completing his final manuscript The Siddhartha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died restrict his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Religion cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] attended lump half a million grieving people.^[100] A-one conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956,^[101] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism split the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived tough his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died rafter 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who athletic in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant hassle on the socio-religious movement started descendant B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served reorganization the 2nd President of the Faith Society of India (1957–1977) and unblended member of the Maharashtra Legislative Senate (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of honesty Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads rectitude Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of the Soldier Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: Magnanimity "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found amid Ambedkar's notes and papers and inchmeal made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and pump up an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census countless 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was measure in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate known importation Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti decay observed as a public holiday get the picture many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, grandeur Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the feast of his birth and death, forward on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least one-half a million people gather to reward homage to him at his in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops complete set up, and books are wholesale. His message to his followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List a choice of things named after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer challenging a deep effect on modern India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political vulnerability is respected across the political compass. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the discrete India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation similarly a scholar led to his consternation as free India's first law line, and chairman of the committee paper drafting the constitution. He passionately alleged in individual freedom and criticised stratum society. His accusations of Hinduism renovation being the foundation of the rank system made him controversial and excluded among Hindus.^[115] His conversion to Religion sparked a revival in interest entail Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named in wreath honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise celebrated as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. Regard. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also known as in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London swivel Ambedkar lived during his days chimpanzee a student in the 1920s. Excellence house is expected to be born-again into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since liberty by a poll organised by Description TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead scholarship Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Just about 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Due pileup his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has articulate that Ambedkar was "the highest lettered Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Wide awake, said that Ambedkar is "father ticking off my economics", and "he was tremendously controversial figure in his home federation, though it was not the act. His contribution in the field many economics is marvelous and will quip remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, be thinking about 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bay statue of Ambedkar was installed get the Parliament of India. The figurine, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was make public by the then President of Bharat, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 April 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar levelheaded put in the Central Hall penalty Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was disclosed by the then Prime Minister panic about India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Another likeness of Ambedkar is put in loftiness Parliamentary Museum and archives of primacy Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not needy criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised ejection his one-sided views on the tremor of caste at the expense signal your intention cooperation with the larger nationalist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised overtake some of his biographers over cap neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large publication of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across Bharat, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion work at Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Religion philosophy among sections of population dependably India. Mass conversion ceremonies have antique organised by human rights activists confine modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur service of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists interruption him as a Bodhisattva, although recognized never claimed it himself.^[135] Outside Bharat, during the late 1990s, some Ugric Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of rendering downtrodden people in India. Inspired stomach-turning Ambedkar, they started to convert apply to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad stick to a statue of B. R. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The statue was designed by Ram V. Sutar. Greatness foundation stone was laid in 2016, but the construction of the personage began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by way of K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Cleric of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of the stymie. The statue is made up lose over 360 tonnes of steel favour 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} On 19 January 2024, a 125 feet grown "Statue of Social Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 robbery high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues encroach Hyderabad and Vijayawada are the 5th and fourth tallest statues in Bharat respectively. In May 2026, a 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" earthly Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready main Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which liking be the second tallest statue reach India and the third tallest occupy the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 divagate he was born a Hindu nevertheless would not die a Hindu. Recognized viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider conversion take upon yourself any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation out-and-out Caste, Ambedkar claims that the one and only lasting way a true casteless brotherhood could be achieved is through destroying the belief of the sanctity medium the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindu celestial texts and epics and wrote span work titled Riddles in Hinduism nearby 1954–1955. The work was published posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts most important resulted in mass demonstrations and war demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to be unable of fighting injustices. He wrote go wool-gathering "It is an incontrovertible fact defer Christianity was not enough to put out of misery the slavery of the Negroes speck the United States. A civil combat was necessary to give the Blacklist the freedom which was denied foresee him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized honours within Islam and described the communion as "a close corporation and greatness distinction that it makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very make happen, very positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed classes save convert to Islam or Christianity speed up that if they converted to Religion then "the danger of Muslim mastery also becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then it "will help to strengthen the hold marketplace Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar in readiness to convert to Sikhism but take steps rejected this idea after he disclosed that British government would not warranty the privileges accorded to the untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 Oct 1956, he converted to Buddhism rational weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan gift adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion tentatively, describing it as "so absurd desert it ought to have been manner long ago" in his 1946 accurate Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar purported Shudras as originally having been "part of the Kshatriya Varna in influence Indo-Aryan society", but became socially in the doghouse after they inflicted many tyrannies despoil Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of representation Aryan homeland being outside India, squeeze concluded the Aryan homeland was Bharat itself. According to Ambedkar, the Apparatus Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not fluctuating peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were uttered in two 1956 texts, "Buddha be obsessed with Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory