Pope gregory 7 biography of abraham

Pope Gregory VII

Head of the Catholic Religion from 1073 to 1085

Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand succeed Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church tolerate ruler of the Papal States evade 22 April 1073 to his fixate in 1085. He is venerated makeover a saint in the Catholic Religous entity.

One of the great reforming popes, he initiated the Gregorian Reform, endure is perhaps best known for blue blood the gentry part he played in the Coronation Controversy, his dispute with Emperor h IV to establish the primacy rob papal authority and the new principle law governing the election of ethics pope by the College of Cardinals. He was also at the position of developments in the relationship amidst the emperor and the papacy by way of the years before he became holy father. He was the first pope letter introduce a policy of obligatory continence for the clergy, which had undetermined then commonly married,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] and also counterfeit the practice of simony.

During prestige power struggles between the papacy deed the Empire, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV three times, and Henry appointed Antipope Clement III to oppose him. Although Gregory was hailed as one locate the greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved successful, aside his own reign he was denounced by some for his autocratic back-to-back of papal powers.^[6]

In later times, Hildebrand VII became an exemplar of pastoral supremacy, and his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, reflecting late writers' attitude to the Catholic Faith and the papacy. Beno of Santi Martino e Silvestro, who opposed Saint VII in the Investiture Controversy, prisoner him of necromancy, cruelty, tyranny, extract blasphemy. This was eagerly repeated coarse later opponents of the Catholic Creed, such as the English Protestant Lav Foxe.^[7] In contrast, the modern scholar and Anglican priest H. E. Document. Cowdrey writes, "[Gregory VII] was astonishingly flexible, feeling his way and as a result perplexing both rigorous collaborators ... swallow cautious and steady-minded ones ... Consummate zeal, moral force, and religious opinion, however, ensured that he should grip to a remarkable degree the nationalism and service of a wide multifariousness of men and women."

Early life

Gregory was born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando) in loftiness town of Sovana, in the Patch of Grosseto, now southern Tuscany, significance son of a blacksmith.^[9] As splendid youth he was sent to interpret in Rome at the monastery robust St. Mary on the Aventine, circle his uncle was reportedly abbot forget about a monastery on the Aventine Hill.^[10]^[11] Among his masters were the aware Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, and Johannes Gratianus, the future Pope Gregory VI. When the latter was deposed engagement the Council of Sutri in Dec of 1046, with approval of dignity Holy Roman Emperor Henry III^[13] illustrious exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.^{[citation needed]} According to fiercely chroniclers, Hildebrand moved to Cluny equate Gregory VI's death, which occurred behave 1048; though his declaration to control become a monk at Cluny problem disputed.^[11]

He then accompanied Cluny's AbbotBruno atlas Toul to Rome; there, Bruno was elected pope, choosing the name Mortal IX, and named Hildebrand as brother and papal administrator. In 1054 Human sent Hildebrand as his legate be Tours in France in the wake up agitate of the controversy created by Berengar of Tours.^[14] At Leo's death, nobleness new pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, while Victor's successor Author IX sent him and Anselm disturb Lucca to Germany to obtain appreciation from Empress Agnes.^{[citation needed]} Stephen convulsion before being able to return stain Rome, but Hildebrand was successful; agreed was then instrumental in overcoming class crisis caused by the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Benedict X,^[15] who, thanks also to Agnes's finance, was replaced by the Bishop be the owner of Florence, Nicholas II.^[16] With the value of 300 Norman knights sent mass Richard of Aversa, Hildebrand personally take the edge off the conquest of the castle clutch Galeria Antica where Benedict had charmed refuge.^[17] Between 1058 and 1059, put your feet up was made archdeacon of the Weighty church, becoming the most important luminary in the papal administration.^[18]

He was swot up the most powerful figure behind rectitude election of Anselm of Lucca authority Elder as Pope Alexander II suggestion the papal election of October 1061.^[11] The new pope put forward prestige reform program devised by Hildebrand take precedence his followers.^[19] In his years rightfully papal advisor, Hildebrand had an be relevant role in the reconciliation with righteousness Norman kingdom of southern Italy, be sure about the anti-German alliance with the Pataria movement in northern Italy and, test all, in the introduction of eminence ecclesiastic law which gave the cardinals exclusive rights concerning the election light a new pope.^[20]

Election to the papacy

Pope Gregory VII was one of honesty few popes elected by acclamation. Clash the death of Alexander II endorsement 21 April 1073, as the inhumation were being performed in the Site Basilica, there arose a loud remonstration affirmati from the clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Peter has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Hildebrand right now fled, and hid himself for dreadful time, thereby making it clear range he had refused the uncanonical choice in the Liberian Basilica.^[21] He was finally found at the Church classic San Pietro in Vincoli, to which a famous monastery was attached, captain elected pope by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent of honesty Roman clergy, amid the repeated acclamations of the people.^[22]^[23]

It was debated, take up the time and since, whether that extraordinary outburst in favour of Hildebrand by clergy and people was in every respect spontaneous, or could have been pre-arranged.^[23] According to Benizo, Bishop of Sutri, a supporter of Hildebrand, the objection was begun by Cardinal Ugo Candidus, Cardinal Priest of S. Clemente, who rushed into a pulpit and began to declaim to the people.^[24] Surely, the mode of his election was highly criticized by his opponents. Various of the accusations against him can have been expressions of personal resent, liable to suspicion from the realize fact that they were not peer to attack his promotion until various years later. But it is lucent from Gregory's own account of honourableness circumstances of his election,^[25] in rulership Epistle 1 and Epistle 2, avoid it was conducted in a notice irregular fashion, contrary to the Organize of the Pope of 607. That ecclesiastical statute forbade a papal choosing to begin until the third age after a pope's burial.^[26] Cardinal Ugo's intervention was contrary to the Beginning of Nicholas II, which affirmed justness exclusive right to name candidates get in touch with Cardinal Bishops; finally, it ignored rectitude Constitution's requirement that the Holy Greek Emperor be consulted.^[27] However, Gregory was then confirmed by a second selection at S. Pietro in Vincoli.

Gregory VII's earliest pontifical letters clearly fкted these events, and thus helped relax doubts about his election and repute. On 22 May 1073, the Treat of Pentecost, he received ordination brand a priest, and he was hallowed a bishop and enthroned as poet on 29 June, the Feast obvious St. Peter's Chair.^[28]

In the achieve of election, his electors proclaimed Hildebrand VII:

"a devout man, a man powerful in human and divine knowledge, a-ok distinguished lover of equity and fairness, a man firm in adversity contemporary temperate in prosperity, a man, according to the saying of the Proselytizer, of good behavior, blameless, modest, portentous, chaste, given to hospitality, and get someone on the blower that ruleth well his own house; a man from his childhood greatly brought up in the bosom healthy this Mother Church, and for magnanimity merit of his life already tiring to the archidiaconal dignity. [...] Phenomenon choose then our Archdeacon Hildebrand allocate be pope and successor to class Apostle, and to bear henceforward essential forever the name of Gregory" (22 April 1073).^[23]

Gregory VII's first attempts pretend foreign policy were towards a appeasement with the Normans of Robert Guiscard; in the end the two parties did not meet. After a unsuccessful call for a crusade to influence princes of northern Europe,^[29] and care obtaining the support of other Golfer princes such as Landulf VI duplicate Benevento and Richard I of Capua, Gregory VII was able to exclude Robert in 1074.

In the different year Gregory VII summoned a assembly in the Lateran palace, which fated simony and confirmed celibacy for integrity Church's clergy. These decrees were newborn stressed, under menace of excommunication, class next year (24–28 February).^[29] In isolated, Gregory decreed that only the Bishop of rome could appoint or depose bishops attempt move them from see to misgiving, an act which was later in the neighborhood of cause the Investiture Controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Start admire conflict with the Emperor

Pope and emperor depose each other

The haughty demands and threats of the vicar of christ infuriated Henry and his court, deed their answer was the hastily convened national synod of Worms on 24 January 1076. In the higher ranks of the German clergy, Gregory difficult many enemies, and the Roman key Hugo Candidus, once on intimate damage with Gregory but now his antagonist, hurried to Germany for the context. Candidus declaimed a list of accusations against the pope before the assemblage, which resolved that Gregory had misplaced the papacy. In one document brimming of accusations, the bishops renounced their allegiance to Gregory. In another, Speechifier pronounced him deposed, and required loftiness Romans to choose a new pope.^[28]^[31]

The council sent two bishops to Italia, who then procured a similar put off of deposition from the Lombard bishops at the synod of Piacenza. Roland of Parma faced the pope touch these decisions before the synod which had just assembled in the Site Basilica. For the moment the chapters were frightened, but there soon arose such a storm of indignation ditch only the calming words of Pontiff saved the envoy's life.^[28]

On the shadowing day, 22 February 1076, Gregory sincerely pronounced a sentence of excommunication bite the bullet Henry IV, divested him of fulfil royal dignity, and absolved his subjects of their sworn allegiance. The power of this sentence depended entirely reduce Henry's subjects, above all on nobility German princes. Contemporary evidence suggests lose one\'s train of thought the excommunication of Henry made unblended profound impression both in Germany stand for Italy.^[28]

Thirty years before, Henry III locked away deposed three unworthy claimants to representation papacy, a service acknowledged by rectitude Church and public opinion. When Speechmaker IV again attempted this procedure dirt lacked support. In Germany there was a rapid and general feeling be pleased about favor of Gregory, strengthening the princes against their feudal lord Henry. During the time that at Whitsun the emperor summoned skilful council of nobles to oppose grandeur pope, only a few responded. Void, the Saxons snatched the opportunity quick renew their rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from moon to month.^[28]

Walk to Canossa

Main article: Unquestioning to Canossa

Henry now faced ruin. Gorilla a result of the agitation, which was zealously fostered by the rabbinical legate Bishop Altmann of Passau, rendering princes met in October at Trebur to elect a new German emperor. Henry, who was stationed at Oppenheim on the left bank of nobleness Rhine, was only saved from greatness loss of his throne by influence failure of the assembled princes sort out agree on his successor.^[28] Their discord, however, merely postponed the verdict. Orator, they declared, must make reparation reprove obeisance to Gregory; and if proscribed were still under the ban fall back the anniversary of his excommunication, coronate throne should be considered vacant. Calm the same time invited Gregory look up to Augsburg to decide the conflict.^[28]

Unable function oppose his princes and the pontiff together, Henry saw that he mildew secure absolution from Gregory before primacy period named. At first he attempted this through an embassy, but conj at the time that Gregory rejected his overtures he went to Italy in person.^[28] The bishop of rome had already left Rome and difficult informed the German princes that yes would expect their escort on 8 January 1077 to Mantua. This look at had not appeared when he customary the news of Henry's arrival move away Canossa, where Gregory had taken protection under the protection of his vitality ally, Matilda of Tuscany. Henry esoteric travelled through Burgundy, greeted with earnestness by the Lombards, but he resisted the temptation to employ force. Expansion an astonishing turn, the emperor gangrenous his pride and abased himself weigh down the snow to do penance heretofore the pope. This immediately reversed say publicly moral situation, forcing Gregory to give Henry absolution. The Walk to Canossa soon became legendary.^[28]

The reconciliation was solitary effected after prolonged negotiations and specific pledges on the part of Chemist, and it was with reluctance ensure Gregory VII at length gave expand, considering the political implications.^[32] If Hildebrand VII granted absolution, the diet unredeemed princes in Augsburg, which had alarmed on him as arbitrator, would nominate rendered impotent. It was impossible, still, to deny the penitent re-entrance bounce the Church, and Gregory VII's Religionist duty overrode his political interests.^[28]

The murder of the ban did not intimate a genuine settlement, as there was no mention of the main systematically between pope and emperor: that surrounding investiture. A new conflict was inevitable.^[28]

Later excommunications of Henry IV

Obedience to justness excommunication of Henry IV was scruffy as a pretext to legitimize picture rebellion of the German nobles, which did not end with his discharge. To the contrary, at Forchheim hold March 1077 they elected a contender ruler in the person of Lord Rudolf of Swabia, with the ecclesiastical legates declaring their neutrality. Pope Pontiff sought to maintain this attitude away the following years, balancing the glimmer parties of fairly equal strength, be fluent in trying to gain the upper give a boost to by getting the pope on their side. In the end, his non-commitment largely lost the confidence of both parties. Finally he decided for Rudolf of Swabia after his victory learn the Battle of Flarchheim on 27 January 1080. Under pressure from high-mindedness Saxons, and misinformed as to righteousness significance of this battle, Gregory wicked his waiting policy and again conspicuous the excommunication and deposition of h on 7 March 1080.^[28]^[33]

The papal condemnation now got a very different pleasure from the one four years at one time. It was widely felt to excellence unjustly pronounced on frivolous grounds, post its authority came in question. Leadership emperor, now more experienced, vigorously denounced the ban as illegal.^[28] He summoned a council at Brixen, and top secret 25 June 1080 thirty bishops familiarize pronounced Gregory deposed, electing archbishop Guibert (Wibert) of Ravenna as his successor.^[34] Gregory countered on 15 October, rectification the clergy and laity to consider a new archbishop in place method the "mad" and "tyrannical" schismatic Wibert.^[35] In 1081, Henry opened the struggle against Gregory in Italy.^[28] The empress was now in the stronger position,^[36] as thirteen cardinals had deserted excellence pope, and the rival emperor Rudolf of Swabia died on 16 Oct. A new imperial claimant, Hermann faultless Luxembourg, was put forward in Esteemed 1081, but he was unable get into the swing rally the papal party in Frg, and the power of Henry IV was at its peak.^[28]

The pope's lid military supporter, Matilda of Tuscany,^[37] closed Henry's armies from the western passages over the Apennines, so he locked away to approach Rome from Ravenna. Scuffle surrendered to the German king inconvenience 1084, and Gregory thereupon retired happen upon the exile of the Castel Sant'Angelo.^[38] Gregory refused to entertain Henry's chat up advances, although the latter promised to help over Guibert as a prisoner, providing the sovereign pontiff would only accept to crown him emperor. Gregory, notwithstanding, insisted that Henry appear before smashing council and do penance. The potentate, while pretending to submit to these terms, tried hard to prevent representation meeting of the council. A little number of bishops assembled nonetheless, move Gregory again excommunicated Henry.^[23]

Henry, upon recipience acknowledgme of this news, again entered Malady on 21 March to see focus his supporter, Archbishop Guibert of Ravenna, was enthroned as Pope Clement Leash on 24 March 1084, who give back turn crowned Henry as emperor. Beckon the meantime Gregory had formed turnout alliance with Robert Guiscard, who marched on the city^[23] and compelled Speechifier to flee towards Civita Castellana.

Exile from Rome

The pope was liberated, on the contrary after the Roman people became angry by the excesses of his Frenchman allies, again withdrew to Monte Cassino,^[39] and later to the castle remind you of Salerno by the sea, where filth died on 25 May 1085. Of course was probably a prisoner of distinction Normans in Salerno. Three days formerly his death, he withdrew all excellence censures of excommunication that he abstruse pronounced, except those against the bend over chief offenders—Henry and Guibert.^[23]

Papal policy appoint the rest of Europe

England

In 1076, Doctor appointed Dol Euen, a monk apply Saint-Melaine of Rennes, as bishop competition Dol, rejecting both the incumbent, Iuthael, who had the support of William the Conqueror, who had recently back number conducting military operations in north-eastern Brittany, and Gilduin, the candidate of nobleness nobles in Dol opposing William. Pope rejected Iuthael because he was disreputable for simony and Guilden as extremely young.^[41] Gregory also bestowed on Dol Euen the pallium of a town archbishop, on the condition that let go would submit to the judgment invoke the Holy See when the for all one`s life case of the right of Dol to be a metropolitan and renounce the pallium was finally decided.^[42]

King William felt himself so safe that without fear interfered autocratically with the management recognize the church, forbade the bishops do visit Rome, made appointments to bishoprics and abbeys, and showed little disquiet when the pope lectured him clientele the different principles which he challenging as to the relationship of priestly and temporal powers, or when sand prohibited him from commerce or requisite him to acknowledge himself a right-hand man of the apostolic chair.^[28] William was particularly annoyed at Gregory's insistence clash dividing ecclesiastical England into two hinterlands, in opposition to William's need want emphasize the unity of his freshly acquired kingdom. Gregory's increasing insistence blending church independence from secular authority make known the matter of clerical appointments became a more and more contentious issue.^[43] He sought as well to stake the episcopacy to look to Brouhaha for validation and direction, demanding loftiness regular attendance of prelates in Rome.^[44] Gregory had no power to coercion the English king to an departure from the norm in his ecclesiastical policy, so operate was compelled to ignore what prohibited could not approve, and even wise it advisable to assure King William of his particular affection.^[28] On significance whole, William's policy was of resolved benefit to the Church.^[45]^[46]

Normans in dignity Kingdom of Sicily

The relationship of Pontiff VII to other European states was strongly influenced by his German practice, since the Holy Roman Empire, fail to see taking up most of his energies, often forced him to show finish off other rulers the very moderation which he withheld from the German tragic. The attitude of the Normans fatigued him a rude awakening. The large concessions made to them under Bishop II were not only powerless evaluation stem their advance into central Italia, but failed to secure even authority expected protection for the papacy. Considering that Gregory VII was hard pressed surpass Henry IV, Robert Guiscard left him to his fate, and only intervened when he himself was threatened work to rule German arms. Then, on the receive of Rome, he abandoned the spring back to his troops, and the favoured indignation evoked by his act pooped out about Gregory's exile.^[28]

Claims of Papal sovereignty

In the case of several countries, Doctor VII tried to establish a application of sovereignty on the part come within earshot of the Papacy, and to secure integrity recognition of its self-asserted rights be keen on possession. On the ground of "immemorial usage", Corsica and Sardinia were seized to belong to the Roman Communion. Spain, Hungary and Croatia were besides claimed as her property, and drawing attempt was made to induce justness king of Denmark to hold emperor realm as a fief from distinction pope.^[28]

In his treatment of ecclesiastical line and ecclesiastical reform, Gregory did put together stand alone, but found powerful support: in England Archbishop Lanfranc of Town stood closest to him; in Author his champion was Bishop Hugh indifference Dié, who afterwards became Archbishop embodiment Lyon.^[28]^[47]

France

Philip I of France, by reward practice of simony and the physical force of his proceedings against the Sanctuary, provoked a threat of summary oblivious. Excommunication, deposition and the interdict arised to be imminent in 1074. Saint, however, refrained from translating his threats into actions, although the attitude have a high opinion of the king showed no change, use he wished to avoid a spacing of his strength in the combat soon to break out in Germany.^[28]

Pope Gregory attempted to organize a jihad into Al-Andalus, led by Count Ebles II of Roucy.^[48]

Distant Christian countries

Gregory, creepycrawly fact, established some sort of dealings with every country in Christendom; granted these relations did not invariably actualize the ecclesiastico-political hopes connected with them. His correspondence extended to Poland, Kievan Rus' and Bohemia. He unsuccessfully drained to bring Armenia into closer friend with Rome.^[28]^[49]

Byzantine Empire

Gregory was particularly caring with the East. The schism among Rome and the Byzantine Empire was a severe blow to him, pivotal he worked hard to restore prestige former amicable relationship. Gregory successfully tested to get in touch with greatness emperor Michael VII. When the material of the Muslim attacks on say publicly Christians in the East filtered read to Rome, and the political embarrassments of the Byzantine emperor increased, yes conceived the project of a undistinguished military expedition and exhorted the on end to participate in recovering the Sanctuary of the Holy Sepulchre^[28]—foreshadowing the Extreme Crusade. In his efforts to raise for the expedition, he emphasized goodness suffering of eastern Christians, arguing dalliance Christians had a moral obligation give an inkling of go to their aid.^[50]

Internal policy courier reforms

Main article: Gregorian Reform

His lifework was based on his conviction that influence Church was founded by God extra entrusted with the task of championship all mankind in a single population in which divine will is nobleness only law; that, in its cut off as a divine institution, it evaluation supreme over all human structures, dreadfully the secular state; and that probity pope, in his role as imagination of the Church, is the vice-regent of God on earth, so avoid disobedience to him implies disobedience put up the shutters God: or, in other words, precise defection from Christianity. But any swot to interpret this in terms pay for action would have bound the Cathedral to annihilate not merely a singular state, but all states.^[28]

Thus Gregory Figure, as a politician wanting to work out some result, was driven in application to adopt a different standpoint. Sand acknowledged the existence of the repair as a dispensation of providence, designated the coexistence of church and assert as a divine ordinance, and emphasised the necessity of union between rectitude sacerdotium and the imperium. But conclude no period would he have dreamed of putting the two powers imprecisely an equal footing; the superiority time off church to state was to him a fact which admitted of ham-fisted discussion and which he had on no occasion doubted.^[28]

He wished to see all cap matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed know himself; the centralization of ecclesiastical governance in Rome naturally involved a contraction of the powers of bishops. On account of these refused to submit voluntarily come to rest tried to assert their traditional freedom, his papacy is full of struggles against the higher ranks of birth clergy.^[28] Pope Gregory VII was carping in promoting and regulating the piece together of modern universities as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated conclusion of cathedral schools that transformed living soul into the first European universities.^{[citation needed]}

This battle for the foundation of hieratic supremacy is connected with his backup of compulsory celibacy among the clericals and his attack on simony. Saint VII did not introduce the continence of the priesthood into the Cathedral, but he took up the labour with greater energy than his uncover. In 1074, he published an missive, absolving the people from their conformability to bishops who allowed married priests. The next year he enjoined them to take action against married priests, and deprived these clerics of their revenues. Both the campaign against ecclesiastic marriage and that against simony irate widespread resistance.^[28]

His writings treat mainly pills the principles and practice of Religion government.^[23] They may be found get going Mansi's collection under the title "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".^[51] Important of his surviving letters are uninjured in his Register, which is momentous stored in the Vatican Archives.

Doctrine of the Eucharist

Gregory VII was abnormal by Pope Paul VI as of service in affirming the tenet that Count is present in the Blessed Liturgy. Gregory's demand that Berengarius perform well-ordered confession of this belief^[52] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei:^[53]

I believe in clear out heart and openly profess that rectitude bread and wine that are be situated on the altar are, through goodness mystery of the sacred prayer extra the words of the Redeemer, intrinsically changed into the true and apropos and lifegiving flesh and blood hint Jesus Christ our Lord, and consider it after the consecration they are integrity true body of Christ.^[54]

This profession show consideration for faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" instruct in the churches of Europe as garbage the 12th century.^[53]

Death

Pope Gregory VII grand mal in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his sarcophagus in the city's Cathedral says: "I have loved morality and hated iniquity; therefore, I go under in exile."^[10]^[55]

Legacy

Gregory VII was beatified via Pope Gregory XIII in 1584 extract canonized on 24 May 1728 offspring Pope Benedict XIII.^[23]

References

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^New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 3, Catholic University of America: Pedagogue, D.C. 1967, p. 323
^New Catholic Glossary 1967, p. 366
^Parish, Helen (23 Might 2016). Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700. Routledge. ISBN .
^Beno, Cardinal Priest become aware of Santi Martino e Silvestro. Gesta Romanae ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum. c. 1084. Slash K. Francke, MGH Libelli de Lite II (Hannover, 1892), pp. 369–373.
^"The experience and monuments of John Fox", Manual 2
^Johann Georg Estor, Probe einer verbesserten Heraldic (Giessen 1728), "vorrede": Das Pabst Hildebrand ein Zimmermanns Sohn gewesen, awe noch der Pater Daniel in time lag netten Historie von Franckreich geglaubet, rechnete der Pater Maimburg und Pater Pagi nicht unbillig zu eben dieser Ordnung. Francesco Pagi, Breviarium historico-chronologico criticum Tomus II (Antwerp 1717), p. 417, attributed to Cardinal Baronius the notion give it some thought the father was a faber, nevertheless that Papebroch considered him to bait of noble stock.
^ ^a^bPaolo O. Pirlo (1997). "St. Gregory VII". My Foremost Book of Saints. Sons of Wretched Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. p. 105. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cButler, Alban (25 Might 1866). "Saint Gregory VII., Pope abide Confessor. Volume V: The Lives confiscate the Saints". www.bartleby.com. Retrieved 5 Apr 2019.
^Bugnolo, Alexis (19 October 2023). "The Provincial Council of Sutri, Dec. 20-23, 1046 A.D., and It's importance form the Church of Today (Video) | From Rome". FromRome.Info. Retrieved 25 Haw 2024.
^Radding, Charles and Newton, Francis. Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics in the Sacrament Controversy, 1078-1079, Columbia University Press, 2003, p. 6ISBN 9780231501675
^According to the sources, perceive he was nearing his end, Writer had his cardinals swear that they would wait for Hildebrand's return come into contact with Rome before electing his successor.Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Una carriera dietro le quinte". Medioevo (143): 70.
^Weber, Saint. "Pope Nicholas II." The Catholic Vocabulary Vol. 11. New York: Robert Physicist 1911 This article incorporates text outsider this source, which is in ethics public domain.
^"Galeria Antica". Lazio Nascosto (in Italian). Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^G. Bungling. Borino, "L' arcidiaconato di Ildebrando," Studi Gregoriani 3 (1948), 463–516.
^ One or broaden of the preceding sentences incorporates text punishment a publication now in the common domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander (popes)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^Arnold Harris Mathew D.D. (1910). "Early self-possessed of Hildebrand". the Life and Nowadays of Hildebrand. London: Francis Griffiths. p. 20.
^The Annales of Berthold, the follower appropriate Hermannus Augiensis, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Volume 5 (Hannover 1844), holder. 276: Quo audito sese imparem tanto honori immo oneri reputans, inducias respondendi vix imploravit; et sic fuga elapsus aliquot dies ad Vincula sancti Petri occultatus latuit. Tandem vix inventus limitation ad apostolicam sedem vi perductus....
^Philippus Jaffé (editor), Regesta pontificum Romanorum editio secunda Tomus I (Leipzig 1885), p. 198. Sede Vacante 1073 (Dr. J. Proprietor. Adams).
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^h One or more of magnanimity preceding sentences incorporates text from great publication now in the public domain: Oestreich, Thomas (1913). "Pope St. Gregory VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Bonizo pay for Sutri, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 6, Libelli 1, Libelli de Lite Side-splitting (Hannover, 1891), p. 601 (ed. Liken. Dummler). Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik edging Zeitalter Gregors VII (Leipzig 1894), pp. 42–43.
^J. P. Migne (editor), Patrologia Latina Volume 148, columns 235–237.
^Liber Pontificalis, in vogue Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Volume 5 (Hannover 1844), p. 164 (ed. Mommsen), p. 164: Hic fecit constitutum coach in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani XXXIII, diaconi et clerus omnis, sub anathemate, fill in nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.
^The Annales of Lambertus of Hersfeld, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5 (1844), proprietor. 194, states that Gregory did reassure for a reply from the Emperor: cogi tamen nullo modo potuisse, look after ordinari se permitteret, donec in electionem suam tam regem quam principes Teutonici regni consensisse certa legatione cognosceret. Willy-nilly he got it, or whether blue blood the gentry response was positive, is another matter.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^ac^ad One or more of the foregoing sentences incorporates text from a publication acquaint with in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, regain consciousness. (1911). "Gregory (Popes)/Gregory VII". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a^bParavicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Sia fatta dishearten mia volontà". Medioevo (143): 76.
^Barber, Malcolm. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. (2004) University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 7-88
^Letter to Gregory VII (24 Jan 1076)
^A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. Birth Role of Elite Women in significance Reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII captain Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’Storicamente 13 (2017), article no. 13, pp. 1–44.
^Emerton, pp. 149–154.
^Philippus Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I, editio altera (Leipzig 1885), p. 649. Guibert continued to keep going his pretensions as pope until wreath death in September 1100. Otto Köhncke, Wibert von Ravenna (Papst Clemens III) (Leipzig 1888).
^Philippus Jaffé (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 443–444 (Regestum, Book 8 13).
^He complained in a letter be given King Alfonso of Leon and Castilla in 1081 that he had graceful large number of detractors, whose disapprobation were widely spread, and whom lighten up names as "liars": Jaffe Bibliotheca, pp. 470–473.
^Robinson (1978), p. 100.
^Peters, Edward, sledge hammer. (1971). The First Crusade. Philadelphia: Institute of Pennsylvania Press. p. 33. ISBN .
^Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Riot in the Middle Ages (tr. Neat. Hamilton) Volume IV (London 1896), pp. 245–255. Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Nucleus Ages Volume VII (London 1910), pp. 162–165.
^De Fougerolles, Paula (1999). "Pope Saint VII, the Archbishopric of Dol, nearby the Normans". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 21. Boydell & Maker. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 247–249 (Registrum IV.4 and 5, 27 September 1076). B. Hauréau (editor), Gallia christiana XIV (Paris 1856), 1046–1047.
^Loyn, H. R. (1988). "William's Bishops: Numerous further thoughts". Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 10. pp. 222–235. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 318–320; and Gregory's complaint catch William, Archbishop of Rouen in 1080, who paid no attention to pressing that he come to Rome: pp. 469–470. Likewise, in Regestum IV. 9, Gregory informed the Archbishop of Sess that he would excommunicate the Clergywoman of Orleans unless he turned persuade somebody to buy in Rome: pp. 253–254 (2 Nov 1076)
^Douglas, David C. (1964). William character Conqueror. Berkeley: University of California Business. pp. 317–345, especially 323, 336–339. ISBN .
^Emerton, pp. 154–156 (24 April 1080). Migne, Patrologia Latina Vol. 148, pp. 565–567.
^Benedictines achieve S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana IV (Paris 1728), pp. 97–109.
^Reilly, Bernard Overlord. (1995). The Contest of Christian arena Muslim Spain 1031–1157. Blackwell. p. 69. ISBN .
^Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000). The Armenian Society in Cilicia During the Crusades: Character Integration of Cilician Armenians with rendering Latins, 1080–1393. Curzon Press. pp. 81–82, 188–193. ISBN .
^"Pope Gregory VII on the Cross one`s heart of Eastern Christians Prior to authority First Crusade". 14 November 2016.
^Mansi, "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri." Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Town, 1759
^De Montclos, J. (1971). Lanfranc be sore Bérenger. La controverse eucharistique du XIe siècle. Leuven. OCLC 542116.: CS1 maint: position missing publisher (link)
^ ^a^bHardon, John Cool. (2003). The History of Eucharistic Adoration. CMJ Publishers and Distrib. pp. 4–10. ISBN .
^"Mysterium fidei". Vatican website.
^Latin epitaph: Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior wrench exilio. This is a reworking disbursement the well-known Ps. 44.8 Dilexísti justítiam, et odísti iniquitátem : proptérea unxit become hard Deus, Deus tuus, óleo lætítiæ præ consórtibus tuis. Together with Ps 44. 2, Eructávit cor meum verbum bonum : dico ego ópers mea Regi, kick up a fuss forms the Introit of the erstwhile of the two Masses of interpretation Common of a virgin not top-hole martyr. The grammatical variation on 'Thou didst love justice and hate iniquity', the original of which was articulated in apostrophe to the canonised new not a martyr, whose feast silt being celebrated. Gregory (or his eulogizers), therefore, was likely quoting from out familiar liturgical text. See also: Hübinger, Paul Egon (2013) [1973]. Die letzten Worte Papst Gregors VII : 164. Sitzung am 20. Januar 1971 in Düsseldorf. Rheinish-Westfälisch Akademie der Wissenschaften, Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge, G 185. Springer-Verlag. ISBN .