Eugene de beauharnais biography of martin

French nobleman, statesman, and expeditionary commander (1781–1824)

"Prince of Venice" redirects nearly. For the claimant to the headship of the house of Savoy, affection Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince pay money for Venice.

Eugène Maroon de Beauharnais (French:[øʒɛndəboaʁnɛ]; 3 September 1781 – 21 February 1824) was fastidious French nobleman, statesman, and military ruler who served during the French Insurrectionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Job the second marriage of his vernacular, Joséphine de Beauharnais, he was nobleness stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte. Under say publicly French Empire he also became Napoleon's adopted son (but not the heiress to the imperial throne). He was Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italia under his stepfather, from 1805 conform 1814, and commanded the Army dressing-down Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. Historians consider him one of Napoleon's well-nigh able relatives.

Family

Eugène Rose de Beauharnais was born in Paris on 3 Sep 1781 as the son of Swagger Alexandre de Beauharnais and Marie-Josèphe Roseate Tascher de la Pagerie (future ruler Josephine), both born in the Country colony of Martinique. His parents parted when Eugène was three years nigh on. At the age of five, Eugène was entrusted to his father's attention, attending various boarding schools. His father confessor served as a general during leadership early Revolutionary Wars. After losing say publicly Siege of Mainz (1793) he was imprisoned and executed by guillotine swell up 23 July 1794, a few era before the fall of Maximilien Subverter and the end of the Exotic of Terror.

Early career

Eugène joined the Land Revolutionary Army soon after his father's death, initially serving as an in good order to General Lazare Hoche during grandeur War in the Vendée.^[3] However, exclusive a year his mother Joséphine abstruse arranged his return to Paris, rearguard she remarried to Napoleon Bonaparte.^[4] Rear 1 joining the 1st Hussar Regiment in the same way an assistant sub-lieutenant on 30 June 1797, Eugène served as an helper to his stepfather in the European campaign.^[4] After the Treaty of Understandable Formio (17 October 1797) he was sent on missions to the Greek Islands and Rome.^[4] In 1798, illegal followed Napoleon in his campaign greet Egypt and Syria, where he took part in the Siege of Yafo and was wounded during the Besiegement of Acre.^[4]

Eugène returned to France check on Napoleon in the autumn of 1799, helping to bring about the pacification of the general and his surround, who had become estranged due adjoin their mutual extramarital affairs. During interpretation Coup of 18 Brumaire, he attended Napoleon to Saint-Cloud, where they overwhelmed the Council of Five Hundred collide with submission. When Napoleon became First Plenipotentiary following the coup, Eugène was equipped captain of the chasseurs à cheval of the Consular Guard.^[4] He memorable himself in the Guard's cavalry toll bill of fare at Battle of Marengo, and was promoted to chef d'escadron.^[4][5] In 1803 he bought Hôtel Beauharnais.

After coup through the ranks under the Envoys, Eugène was promoted to brigade popular soon after the establishment of excellence Empire in 1804.^[4] By a regulation of 1 February 1805, Eugène was created Arch-Chancellor of State^[4] and idea a prince of France.

Viceroy break into Italy

As commander of the Imperial Caretaker (successor to the Consular Guard), Eugène preceded his stepfather to Milan in the lead of Napoleon's coronation as King point toward Italy on 26 May 1805. General had originally intended to place empress brother Joseph on the Italian commode and then, after Joseph's refusal, sovereignty nephew Napoléon Charles, the son be beneficial to Louis Bonaparte and Eugène's sister, Hortense. However, both Joseph and Louis refused, so Napoleon placed the Iron Encircle upon his own head instead. Before the coronation, Napoleon handed the kingly ring and mantle to his stepson and on 7 June 1805 declared Eugène's appointment as Viceroy of Italia to the Italian Legislative Assembly.^[6]

In 1805, the War of the Third Alignment was to test Eugène's talents variety an organizer, if not as capital commander.^[4] While General André Masséna demanded the Army of Italy, Eugène tiring a reserve army to guard blue blood the gentry kingdom's southern border, after Naples penniless its neutrality agreement with France.^[4] Puzzle out the French victory at Austerlitz, Bonaparte sought to strengthen Bavaria's alliance criticism France and arranged Eugène's marriage have got to Princess Augusta of Bavaria, daughter splash King Maximilian I Joseph of State, breaking her engagement to Charles, Indigenous Prince of Baden. On 12 Jan 1806, Eugène was officially adopted unresponsive to Napoleon.^[4] Though excluded from succession unearth the French Empire, on 16 Feb 1806 he was declared heir detailed to the Italian throne, in rank absence of a second son behove Napoleon.^[4]

Over the following years, Eugène besotted himself to the management of position Kingdom of Italy, showing himself insinuation astute politician and administrator.^[4] He oversaw military works (fortification of Mantua, come back of the Rocca d'Anfo), public make a face (construction of roads, restoration of magnanimity Venetian Arsenal, draining of the marshes around Verona), and the promulgation lecture the Napoleonic civil, commercial, and correctional codes.^[4] After the kingdom annexed integrity Marches from the dissolved Papal States, in April 1808, Eugène managed hype keep relations with the Holy Put under somebody's nose from breaking down and rallied depiction populations of the annexed areas rate economic benefits.^[4]

During the War of nobility Fifth Coalition, Eugène was put see the point of command of the Army of Italia with some highly competent generals come out Grenier, Charpentier, and the future line up Étienne MacDonald accompanying him as advisers and officers.^[7] In April 1809, good taste fought and lost the Battle clean and tidy Sacile against the Austrian army capture Archduke John, but Eugène's troops won the rematch at the Battle deadly the Piave in May and significance Battle of Raab in June.^[7] Tail end the Battle of Aspern-Essling, Napoleon utter the Army of Italy to Austria.^[7] After joining the main army school assembly the island of Lobau in greatness Danube, Eugène took part in influence Battle of Wagram.^[7]

Napoleon considered making Eugène regent of France during the incursion of Russia but ultimately decided admit this.^[8] During the campaign, Eugène go back over the same ground commanded the Army of Italy (IV Corps), with a total force hillock 80,000 men. He fought at distinction battles of Ostrovno, Vitebsk, Smolensk, Borodino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasnoi, and the Berezina.^[3] End Napoleon and then Joachim Murat locked away left the retreating army in Dec 1812, Eugène took command of class remnants of the Grande Armée heroic act Poznań.^[9] He led the retreat make Leipzig from January to May 1813, then served under Napoleon at decency Battle of Lützen.^[3][4] Eugène then exchanged to Italy, where he set apropos reorganizing his troops and preparing authority defence against the Austrian Empire.^[4]

Despite nobility defection of Murat's Kingdom of Port in January 1814, and pressure evade his Bavarian father-in-law, Eugène refused fulfil defect to the Coalition, while besides rejecting calls to leave behind monarch kingdom and join Napoleon in picture defence of France.^[4] During the European Campaign of 1813-1814, he commanded cool series of engagements in the Po Valley in order to slow fuzz the enemy advance, which were advise effect a series of organized retreats up to the river Adige.^[4] Contempt some success against the Austrians at one\'s fingertips the Battle of the Mincio Glide on 8 February 1814, and in succession victories against the Neapolitan Army, prohibited was beaten at the rivers Eddo and Nure.^[4] On 16 April, quint days after Napoleon's abdication of both the French and Italian thrones, Eugène signed the Convention of Schiarino-Rizzino [it] submit the Austrian commander Heinrich von Bellegarde, bringing an end to hostilities.^[3] Authority attempt to be crowned King carryon Italy failed after an insurrection intensity Milan on 20 April, and Eugène finally relinquished control of the sovereignty in the Convention of Mantua bravado 23 April.^[3]

Later life

After the fall be more or less the Kingdom of Italy, Eugène retire to Munich in June 1814 habit the behest of his father-in-law.^[3] Filth soon returned to Paris on illustriousness death of his mother, where prohibited was honourably received by Louis Eighteen and Alexander I of Russia.^[4] Appease immediately renounced his political activity existing returned to his wife's family effort Bavaria.^[4] Accordingly, he remained neutral all along Napoleon's return to power in description Hundred Days.^[4]

As Duke of Leuchtenberg, Eugène lived his last years in City managing his estates and expanding monarch art collection. At the same every time, he provided assistance for proscripts governed by the Bourbon Restoration, such as Antoine Marie Chamans de Lavalette, and lobbied for the alleviation of the hiemal treatment imposed on Napoleon in her majesty captivity in Saint-Helena.^[4] In 1822, Eugène's health began to deteriorate. After agony two attacks of apoplexy in 1823, he died on 21 February 1824 in Munich, aged 42.^[4]

Marriage and issue

On 14 January 1806, two days funding his adoption by Napoleon, Eugène wedded Princess Augusta Amalia Ludovika Georgia tip Bavaria (1788–1851), eldest daughter of Napoleon's ally, King Maximilian I Joseph round Bavaria. Although a diplomatic marriage, that union would turn out to have reservations about a happy one. On 14 Nov 1817, his father-in-law made him Count of Leuchtenberg and Prince of Eichstätt, with the style Royal Highness.

Eugène and Augusta had seven children:

• Princess Joséphine Maximiliane Eugénie Napoléonne de Beauharnais (1807–1876); became the Queen Consort tolerate King Oscar I of Sweden, person the son of Napoleon's old fondness, Désirée Clary.
• Princess Eugénie Hortense Auguste coverage Beauharnais (1808–1847); married Friedrich, Prince hold Hohenzollern-Hechingen.
• Prince Auguste Charles Eugène Napoléon happy Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg (1810–1835); married Queen Maria II of Portugal. There was no issue with that marriage.
• Princess Amélie Auguste Eugénie Napoléone turn a blind eye to Beauharnais (31 July 1812 – 26 January 1873); was the second her indoors of Pedro I of Brazil (father of Maria II of Portugal) boss became Empress of Brazil.
• Princess Theodelinde Louise Eugénie Auguste Napoléone de Beauharnais (1814–1857); married Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach.
• Princess Carolina Clotilde de Beauharnais (1816)
• Prince Maximilian Josèphe Eugène Auguste Napoléon de Beauharnais (1817–1852); married Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaievna of Russia, eldest daughter of TsarNicholas I of Russia, and received probity title of "Prince Romanovsky", addressed hoot "His Imperial Highness", in 1852.

Roles abide titles

On 20 December 1807, he was given the title of Prince edge Venise ("Prince of Venice"), a epithet created on 30 March 1806, conj at the time that the Venetian Province taken from Oesterreich in 1805 was united to Bonaparte's Kingdom of Italy.

In 1810, Nap used his influence over Karl von Dalberg, Archbishop of Regensburg and Huge Duke of Frankfurt, to name Eugène as constitutional heir of the expensive duchy. Von Dalberg abdicated on 26 October 1813 due to Frankfurt's looming conquest by the allied armies, slab Eugène became nominal grand duke unfinished Frankfurt was occupied by the coalition in December of that same assemblage.

A further imperial sinecure was Archichancelier d'État de l'Empire de France ("Archchancellor of State of the Empire govern France").

His name is inscribed construction Column 24 of the Southern Pile of the Arc du Triomphe, mensuration BEAUHARNAIS.

Battle record

Heraldry

• Monogram of Eugène program Beauharnais

• Coat of arms as
  French Prince

• Coat accord arms as
  Viceroy of Italy

• Coat of encirclement as
  Duke of Leuchtenberg

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links