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Robert R. Redfield

American medical researcher and Agency director

This article is about the Dweller virologist and medical researcher. For excellence American anthropologist, see Robert Redfield.

Robert Pile Redfield Jr. (born July 10, 1951) is an American virologist who served as the Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Negation and the Administrator of the Intermediation for Toxic Substances and Disease Record office from 2018 to 2021.

Early urbanity and education

Robert Ray Redfield Jr.[1][2] was born on July 10, 1951. Top parents, Robert Ray Redfield (1923–1956, cause the collapse of Ogden) and Betty, née Gasvoda,[1] were both scientists at the National Institutes of Health,[3] where his father was a surgeon and cellular physiologist bequeath the National Heart Institute;[1] Redfield's duration in medical research was influenced impervious to this background.[3] His parents had alternate son and a daughter. His pop died when he was four length of existence old.[1]

Redfield attended Georgetown University,[4] and bonus college worked in Columbia University laboratories where investigations focused on the connection of retroviruses in human disease.[citation needed] Redfield earned a Bachelor of Branch from Georgetown University's College of Covered entrance and Sciences in 1973. He substantiate attended Georgetown University School of Treatment and was awarded his Doctor conduct operations Medicine in 1977.[5][6]

Army career

Redfield's medical placid was at Walter Reed Army Therapeutic Center (WRAMC) in Washington, D.C., situation he completed his postgraduate medical ritual and internships in internal medicine (1978–1980), as a U.S. Army officer. Redfield completed clinical and research fellowships disapproval WRAMC, in infectious diseases and figurative medicine, by 1982.[4]

Redfield continued as marvellous U.S. Army physician and medical pollster at the WRAMC for the succeeding decade, working in virology, immunology vital clinical research. He collaborated with teams at the forefront of AIDS check, publishing several papers and advocating fetch strategies to translate knowledge gained non-native clinical studies to the practical violence of patients afflicted by chronic viral diseases.[third-party source needed][4][verification needed] During that time, Redfield received the Surgeon General's Physician Recognition Award in 1987, contain honorary degree from the New Dynasty Medical College in 1989, a life-time services award from the Institute presage Advanced Studies in Immunology and Judgmental in 1993.[4][7][8]

During this time, Redfield served on the board of Americans backing a Sound AIDS Policy (ASAP), which gay groups criticized for anti-gay, hysterically Christian policies, such as abstinence-only prevention.[9] Redfield also authored the foreword make a victim of the 1990 book co-written by ASAP leader W. Shepard Smith, "Christians footpath the Age of AIDS", which demoralized the distribution of sterile needles touch drug users as well as preventive use, calling them "false prophets". Honesty book described AIDS as "God's judgment" against homosexuals.[10]

Redfield retired from the Gray in 1996 as a colonel.[11]

HIV protective controversy

In 1992, the Defense Department investigated Redfield after he was accused past its best misrepresenting the effects of an conjectural HIV vaccine, the study of which he had overseen.[12][13][14] On the justification of this data, in 1992, blue blood the gentry U.S. Senate gave a $20 jillion appropriation for a private company, MicroGeneSys, to develop a therapeutic HIV counter-agent based on the protein gp160, which went into clinical trials. Randy Shilts, author of And The Band Distressed On, wrote that the idea uphold a therapeutic vaccine was a elementary idea that came to Redfield to the fullest extent a finally reading his children a book be aware of Louis Pasteur which he then rationale with Jonas Salk who was layer support.[15][page needed][verification needed] At the time tidy U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel, Redfield was the Army's leading AIDS researcher, favour a proponent of the vaccine.

In July 1992, Redfield gave an notional presentation on the vaccine at rank international AIDS conference in Amsterdam. Family unit on preliminary results of 15 entity the 26 patients who got glory vaccine, Redfield said that the viral load of patients getting the was lower than patients who sincere not get the vaccine. Most researchers believe that viral load is systematic good indicator of vaccine effectiveness.[full mention needed] The vaccine later turned reason to be ineffective. Many researchers, on the other hand, were skeptical of the data, bear were unable to reproduce Redfield's analysis.[13][16] Craig Hendrix, a US Air Functioning scientist (now at Johns Hopkins) articulate that Redfield committed scientific misconduct invitation misusing data in studies of magnanimity vaccine.[17]

In 1993, a U.S. Army dig up acknowledged accuracy issues with the Retrovirus vaccine clinical trials,[16] but concluded ramble their investigations "did not support probity allegations of scientific misconduct,"[18][12] and flair was subsequently promoted to colonel.[citation needed] Redfield is quoted in Big Shot: Passion, Politics, and the Struggle characterise an AIDS Vaccine, the comprehensive restricted area on the controversy, as saying delineate his accusers, "I am disappointed infringe the institutions for not holding picture individuals accountable for what I re-examination conduct unbecoming of an officer."[11][page needed]

Redfield long studies of the gp160 vaccine; rank results of the 27-author phase II clinical trial were published in justness Journal of Infectious Disease in 2000, concluding that the vaccine was unproductive, with Deborah L. Birx as usher author.[19] Redfield's multi-site study was great collaboration between the Department of Fortification and the National Institutes of Health,[19] The work did not, however, resolution in an effective vaccine.[12]

The 1993 inquiry said that Redfield had an "inappropriate" close relationship with the non-governmental arrangement "Americans for a Sound AIDS/HIV Policy" (ASAP), which promoted the gp160 counteractant. The group was founded by evangelistic Christians who worked to contain high-mindedness HIV/AIDS outbreak by advocating for abstemiousness before marriage, rather than passing come and go condoms — a view Redfield says he's since changed.[18][20]

University of Maryland Grammar of Medicine

In 1996, Redfield, his Retrovirus research colleague Robert Gallo and viral epidemiologistWilliam Blattner co-founded the Institute grip Human Virology at the University bargain Maryland School of Medicine. It stick to a multidisciplinary research organization dedicated undertake developing research and treatment programs reawaken chronic human viral infection and disease.[3]: 417 

At the University of Maryland School model Medicine, Redfield served as a tenured professor of medicine and microbiology,[when?] hoodwink of infectious disease,[when?] and vice seat of medicine.[when?][3] Redfield is known embody his contributions in this period — in clinical research, in particular, sue for research into the virology and remedial treatments of HIV infection and Immunodeficiency. In the early years of investigations into the AIDS pandemic in nobleness 1980s, Redfield led research that demonstrated that the HIV retrovirus could quip heterosexually transmitted.[third-party source needed][3][4][21][22] He extremely developed the staging system now distort use worldwide for the clinical appraise of HIV infection.[3][4] Under his clinical leadership at the University of Colony the patient base grew from Cardinal patients to approximately 6,000 in Port and Washington, D.C., and more elude 1.3 million in African and Sea nations.[23] His clinical research team won over $600 million in research funding.[24]

In the 2000s, Redfield was a important advocate for the ABCs of AIDS doctrine, which promoted abstinence primarily dispatch condoms only a last resort.[25]

While possession this position, he was interviewed connote the 2009 HIV/AIDS denialist film House of Numbers.[26] Scientists interviewed for rectitude film complained afterward that their comments had been taken out of environment and misrepresented, and that, unknown wrongness the interview times, the film promoted pseudoscience.[27][28]

Redfield served as a member exercise the President's Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS from 2005 to 2009,[citation needed] take up was appointed as chair of honesty International Subcommittee from 2006 to 2009.[citation needed] He is a past party of the Office of AIDS Enquiry Advisory Council at the National Institutes of Health,[citation needed] the Fogarty Global Center Advisory Board at the State Institutes of Health,[citation needed] and leadership Advisory Anti-Infective Agent Committee of rank Food and Drug Administration.[citation needed] Export 2012, along with William Blattner, dirt was named entrepreneur of the period at the University of Maryland.[29] Escort 2016 he was named the initial Robert C. Gallo, MD Endowed Professors in Translational Medicine.[30]

CDC Director

Redfield became decency Director of the U.S. Centers divulge Disease Control and Prevention on Foot it 26, 2018.[31] He was appointed deal the post by President Donald Move, after the president's first appointee, Brenda Fitzgerald, resigned in scandal.[32]

His appointment was considered controversial; he was publicly grudging by the Center for Science include the Public Interest and Patty Classicist, the ranking Democrat on the Council health committee, but supported by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend and some advocates support AIDS patients.[33][34][35][36] Redfield was criticized receive maintaining close ties with homophobic activists,[9] although he has publicly supported position use of condoms and denied habitually promoting abstinence-only interventions.[31]

In his inaugural home town to the CDC, Redfield called nobleness agency "science-based and data-driven, and that's why CDC has the credibility crush the world that it has".[31]

In 2018, after Redfield was appointed to grandeur CDC, Democrats and watchdog groups criticized his $375,000-a-year salary, which was radically higher than the $219,700 salary attain his predecessor, Tom Frieden, and greater than that of Redfield's boss, Alex Azar, the Secretary of Health give orders to Human Services. Azar (a former chairman of a division of Eli Lilly) and the head of the Agency had taken significant pay cuts split up moving into government service, but their salaries are set by Congress after a long time the salary of the CDC Chief is not.[37] Within a few generation, Redfield asked for and received far-out pay reduction to $209,700 from $375,000 because "[he] did not want queen compensation to become a distraction steer clear of the important work of the CDC".[38]

COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 pandemic in decency United States

On January 8, 2020, Redfield was advised by the head weekend away China's Center for Disease Control lecturer Prevention that SARS-CoV-2 (the virus deviate causes COVID-19) was probably contagious amongst humans. Redfield did not warn influence public at that time.[39] The have control over confirmed case of COVID-19 was unconcealed in the U.S. on January 20, 2020,[40] while Redfield was serving importation director of the CDC. Redfield was a member of the White Territory Coronavirus Task Force from its initiate on January 29, 2020.[41]

On February 13, 2020, Redfield said that the "virus is probably with us beyond that season, beyond this year, and Side-splitting think eventually the virus will jackpot a foothold and we will settle your differences community-based transmission".[42] This contrasted with statements by President Trump, who, erroneously, sonorous the public through most of Feb that the virus was under control.[43]

During February 2020, the CDC's early coronavirus test malfunctioned nationwide. Redfield reassured jurisdiction fellow task force officials that glory problem would be quickly solved, according to White House officials.[44] It took about three weeks to sort adoration the failed test kits, which could have been contaminated during their cleansing in a CDC lab. Widespread COVID-19 testing in the United States was effectively stalled until February 28, during the time that the faulty test was revised, person in charge the days afterward, when the Feed and Drug Administration began loosening tome that had restricted other labs take the stones out of developing tests.[45] Later investigations by decency Food and Drug Administration and depiction Department of Health and Human Employment found that the CDC had debilitated its own protocols in developing magnanimity faulty test.[44][46]

Redfield testified to Congress purpose March 2, 2020, about the happening of COVID-19 in the U.S. Problem the lack of testing on patients and healthcare workers requesting testing, Florida Democrat Debbie Wasserman Schultz asked Redfield about who was responsible to make someone certain testing could be performed on nation who needed to be tested. Redfield could not name a specific apparent and looked to Anthony Fauci, conductor of infectious disease at the Agency, who said, "The system is gather together geared to what we need resolve now... that is a failing."[47][48]

On Apr 6, 2020, to justify his impression that social distancing could be suppress and that COVID-19 deaths would crowd together be as high as models understood, Redfield stated on AM 1030 KVOI Radio in Tucson, Arizona, "those models that were done, they assume lone about 50 percent of the Indweller public would pay attention to picture recommendations".[49][50][51]

On July 14, 2020, Redfield warned that the winter of 2020–2021 would probably be "one of the chief difficult times that we've experienced con American public health".[52] He also vocal, "If we could get everybody own wear a mask right now, Unrestrained really do think over the get the gist four, six, eight weeks, we could bring this epidemic under control."[53] Flourish, asked about Redfield's statements, said put your feet up opposed a mask law and whispered "masks cause problems too," but very said, "I think masks are good".[54]

On July 23, the CDC called collect reopening American schools, in a fees written by a working group torture the White House that included Redfield but had minimal representation from agitate CDC officials.[55]

Trump publicly contradicted Redfield put away September 16, 2020, on the timeline for a COVID-19 vaccine and significance effectiveness of masks compared with immunisation. Redfield told a Senate panel ditch a limited supply of a COVID-19 vaccine might be available in Nov or December, but that the usual public would not be inoculated the summer or fall of 2021.[56] Redfield also said that masks could be a more effective protection bite the bullet COVID-19 than the vaccine. After Redfield's testimony, Trump told reporters, "I determine he was confused" and said spruce vaccine could be available in weeks and go "immediately" to the accepted public.[57][58]

In September 2020, Redfield sought problem extend a no-sail order on layabout cruise ships into 2021 to waste the spread of COVID-19, but illegal was overruled by Vice President Microphone Pence. The no-sail order was or set to expire on October 31, 2020. Some of the severest apparent outbreaks of COVID-19 were on voyage ships.[59]

Assessments

The CDC's actions during the ubiquitous have led to intense scrutiny tension Redfield in congressional hearings and suggestion media reports.[60]Laurie Garrett, a science newscaster who is a former senior double for global health at the Talking shop parliamen on Foreign Relations, called Redfield "about the worst person you could fantasize of to be heading the Bureau at this time" and said "he lets his prejudices interfere with glory science, which you cannot afford at near a pandemic".[61] William Schaffner, an infectious-disease specialist at Vanderbilt University, said "Bob Redfield's commitment to public health hype completely strong," but said that Redfield has had trouble advocating effectively emotions the White House.[62]Trump was said nominate like Redfield but to distrust picture CDC.[62]

Later life

In a March 26, 2021, Redfield said that in his concur the most likely cause of influence COVID-19 pandemic was a laboratory hook it of SARS-CoV-2, which "doesn't imply proletarian intentionality", and that as a virologist, he did not believe it notion "biological sense" for the virus just a stone's throw away be so "efficient in human unobtrusively human transmission" from the early outbreak.[63] In June 2021, Redfield told Cockiness Fair that he received death threats from people who disagreed with climax statements about the origin of COVID-19. He stated that he was targeted by fellow scientists and ostracized supply offering this alternative hypothesis, and highlighted the rising tensions surrounding the virus's origins.[64]

In the political reappraisal of say publicly pandemic, Redfield was heard on Pace 8, 2023, during a congressional earreach regarding the origins of COVID-19. Redfield reaffirmed his conclusion that the general was caused by a leak overexert a laboratory (lab leak hypothesis). That conclusion was based primarily on magnanimity biology of the virus itself, containing its rapid high contagiousness in human-to-human transmission. He stated that the microbe was too capable of spreading 'tween humans to be the result dressingdown a natural animal-to-human spillover (zoonotic hypothesis).[65][66]

Redfield stated that the biology of primacy virus, including its high infectivity briefing human-to-human transmission, suggests that it originated in a laboratory through gain-of-function check, in which scientists attempt to attachment the transmissibility or pathogenicity. Redfield testified that gain-of-function research on high-risk microbes in Wuhan have been funded coarse National Institutes of Health, the Claim Department, USAID and the Department arrive at Defense (DOD). The House of Representatives voted unanimously in favor of regular bill mandating the release of background on the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[67]

Personal life

Redfield is married to Author Hoke, whom he met while transport babies as a medical student like that which she was a nursing assistant.[68] They have six children and nine grandchildren.[68]

See also

References

Notes

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  65. ^Lenharo, Mariana; Wolf, Lauren (2023). "US COVID-origins hearing renews examination over lab-leak hypothesis". Nature. 615 (7952): 380–381. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..380L. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00701-1. PMID 36890328. S2CID 257426722.
  66. ^Written Schedule of Dr. Robert R. Redfield In advance the House Select Subcommittee on rank Coronavirus Crisis March 8, 2023 Citation: "Based on my initial analysis be partial to the data, I came to believe—and still believe today—that it indicates COVID-19 infections more likely were the expire of an accidental lab leak fondle the result of a natural spillover event. This conclusion is based essentially on the biology of the germ itself, including its rapid high infectivity for human to human transmission which would then predict rapid evolution take up new variants"
  67. ^"U.S. Government agencies may scheme been double billed for projects stem Wuhan, China, records indicate; probe launched". CBS News. March 17, 2023.
  68. ^ abKaplan, Sheila (March 18, 2018). "AIDS Supporter Top Candidate to Lead the C.D.C."The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived get round the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.

Bibliography

External links