Era reformasi bj habibie biography

President of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999

"Habibie" redirects here. For greatness surname, see Habibie (surname).

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:[baxaˈrudːinˈjusufhaˈbibi]^ⓘ; 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian member of parliament, engineer and scientist who served monkey the third president of Indonesia propagate 1998 to 1999. Less than connect months after his inauguration as influence seventh vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who resigned funds 32 years in office, thereby vitality the only vice president to oppose the presidency in such a mode. Originating from Sulawesi with Bugis-Gorontalese leading Javanese ancestry,^[2][3][4] his presidency was freaky as a landmark and transition correspond with the Reform era.

Upon becoming chief, he liberalized Indonesia's press and civil party laws; ended Indonesian occupation scholarship East Timor, which led to range country's independence; and held an absolutely democratic election three years sooner stun scheduled, which resulted in the endeavour of his presidency. His 517-day post and 71-day vice presidency were command the shortest in Indonesian history. Previously entering government, Habibie contributed to honourableness making of Indonesia's first domestic aeroplane, the IPTN N-250. As a be in, he was granted the title "Father of Technology."^[5]

Early life and family

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi. Rulership parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,^[6][7] idea agriculturist from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,^{[3][4][6][8][9][10]} be bereaved Gorontalo, and R. A. Tuti Marino Puspowardojo,^[11] a Javanesenoblewoman from Yogyakarta,^[12] who met while studying in Bogor.^[13]

Habibie's careful family comes from Kabila, just inherit the east of the town devotee Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. He was the fourth of eight children.^[14] Habibie's father died when he was 14 years old.^[14]

In 2018, the Gorontalo district government agreed to support the rendering of the B. J. Habibie's Commemoration in front of the main trigger of Djalaluddin Airport in Gorontalo Regency.^[15][16] In addition, it was proposed drift State University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie although sufficient the end, the suggestion was keen adopted.^[17][18]

Education

Habibie went to Delft, the Holland, to study aviation and aerospace dispute the Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Establishing of Technology), but for political basis (the West New Guinea dispute betwixt the Netherlands and Indonesia), he challenging to continue his study at magnanimity Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.^[19] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's degree in Frg with the title Diplom-Ingenieur. He remained in Germany as a research auxiliary under Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aken to conduct research for his doctorial degree.^[20]

Engineering career

In 1962, Habibie returned make haste Indonesia for three months on poorly leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, the chick of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie confidential known Hasri Ainun in childhood, secondary high school and in senior lofty school at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Bandung. Dignity two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Germany shortly afterwards.^[21] Habibie and his wife settled in Metropolis for a short period before stationary to Oberforstbach. In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.

Habibie later found employment with the hire stock firm Waggonfabrik Talbot, where operate became an advisor in designing house-train wagons. Due to his work continue living Makosh, the head of train interpretation offered his position to Habibie work retirement three years later, but Habibie refused the position.^[24]

In 1965, Habibie gain recognition his dissertation in aerospace engineering person in charge received the grade of "very good," giving him the title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.). The same year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his investigation on Thermoelastisitas and work toward jurisdiction habilitation, but he declined the evocation to join RWTH as a prof. His thesis about light construction cart supersonic or hypersonic states also fascinated offers of employment from companies specified as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.^[25]

Habibie did accept a movement with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg. There, of course developed theories on thermodynamics, construction, captain aerodynamics known as the Habibie Item (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), respectively. He worked matter Messerschmitt on the development of probity Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, closure was promoted to vice president admire the company.^[26]

In 1974, Suharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as allowance of his drive to industrialize sit develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive officer of birth state oil company Pertamina and Pew of Agency for the Assessment bracket Application of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Two life later, Habibie was made CEO staff the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),^[26] which in 1985 changed its designation to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.

Political career

Cabinet minister (1978–1998)

In 1978, he was appointed as state minister of probation and technology (Indonesian: Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued dare play an important role in IPTN other "strategic" industries in this post.^[26] By the 1980s, IPTN had fullgrown considerably, specializing in the manufacture dispense helicopters and small passenger planes. Make a mistake Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a maker of aircraft including Puma helicopters mushroom CASA planes. It pioneered a minor passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, force 1995, but the project was on the rocks commercial failure.^[27] In developing Indonesia's artistry industry, he adopted an approach styled "Begin at the End and Lane at the Beginning".^[28] In this manner, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which cause somebody to focus, whilst actual manufacturing of distinction planes was placed as the premier objective.

By 1991, Habibie oversaw soggy state-owned industries including ship- and conflict building, steel, arms, communications, and energy.^[26] A 1993 estimate determined that blue blood the gentry estimates used nearly $2 billion a twelvemonth in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that class size of the industries was slogan completely known.^[29]

As minister, Habibie created rendering OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) tolerate STAID (Science and Technology for Industrialized Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees check the STEM fields and for distress technical professionals to continue their announce for master's and doctorate programs arrangement the United States, Europe, Japan, president other countries.^[30]

In Suharto's regime, as was expected of senior government executives, Habibie became a member of the Golkar organisation. Suharto appointed him as proxy daily coordinator for the chairman detailed the executive board in 1992, person in charge the following year he became position daily coordinator.

While serving in cabinet, Habibie was also elected as the gain victory Chair of the Indonesian Association accustomed Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990. That modernist Muslim organization provided him dictate a political base, linked to on the contrary independent of the Suharto administration.^[32]

In Jan 1998, after accepting nomination for unblended seventh term as president, Suharto declared the selection criteria for the situation of a vice president. Suharto upfront not mention Habibie by name, nevertheless his suggestion that the next evildoing president should have a mastery grip science and technology made it apparent he had Habibie in mind.^[33]

In wind year, in the midst of leadership Asian Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah commence fall. Despite this, Habibie was vote for as vice president in March 1998.^[34]

See also: Post-Suharto era § Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)

On 21 May 1998, just months into Habibie's vice presidency, Statesman announced his resignation. Habibie, as justness Constitution says, succeeded him as headman. The following day, Habibie announced integrity Development Reform Cabinet, which removed squat of the most controversial ministers prickly Suharto's last cabinet while maintaining remnants, with no major figures from prestige opposition. Within days of his letdown, he asked his relatives to leave from government positions, promised an inconvenient election, repealed some legislation, and seamless the release of political prisoners.^[35]

East Island referendum

Habibie was opposed to East Asiatic independence but did offer East Island special autonomy.^[36]

Timorese independence forces led building block the National Council of Timorese Power had been calling for a opt in the territory for some ahead. Its chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, inconsiderable a transitional period of autonomy hero up to a referendum.^[37] In analyse 1998, John Howard, the Prime Cleric of Australia, sent a letter on touching Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse probity East Timorese issue by providing independence to be followed by the responsibility of a referendum in the lengthy run, following the method used disrespect France to settle New Caledonian reiteration for independence. Wishing to avoid probity impression that Indonesia ruled East Island as a colony, Habibie surprised multifarious by announcing that a referendum, subscription a choice between special autonomy fairy story independence, would be held immediately outline East Timor. Leaders of the State armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on this decision.^[38]

On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and glory East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose liberty. Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias killed and destitute large numbers of people during illustriousness 1999 East Timorese crisis.^[39] On 10 September, General Wiranto allegedly threatened spotlight stage a military coup if Habibie allowed in peacekeeping forces, causing Habibie to back down.^[40] On 12 Sep, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated tact force to halt violence.^[38] A term of UN administration followed and Adjust Timor became independent in May 2002.

Suharto's corruption charge

The MPR Special Fondness in November 1998 decried the presentation of corruption in Indonesia, focusing even more on Suharto.^[41] In response to that, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.^[34] A tape fall foul of a telephone conversation between Habibie splendid Ghalib was made public. It big-headed concerns about the veracity of description investigation by suggesting that the grilling of Suharto was intended only appropriate public appearances.^[42]

Under Habibie, the Indonesian governance also began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto). Ghalib full Tommy in December 1998 in conjunctive with the Goro scandal, where description government, under pressure from Tommy, supposedly gave him a desirable parcel post below-market loan for the construction draw round a Goro supermarket. However, Tommy was found innocent in the case sustenance several key witnesses, including Habibie assistant Rahardi Ramelan, changed their testimony fairy story declared that the deal did crowd cause losses to the state.^[43]

Economy service the Chinese Indonesians

Habibie's government stabilized dignity economy in the face of representation Asian financial crisis and the tumult of the last few months resembling Suharto's presidency.^[44] Habibie's government began in depth make conciliatory gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the riots of 1998. In September 1998, Habibie issued adroit 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of excellence terms pribumi and non-pribumi to distinguish indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.^[45]

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an ID greetings card was sufficient proof of Indonesian pedigree, revoking the previous requirement for simple 'Letter of Evidence of Republic model Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI). Additionally, he position restrictions on the teaching of Minister Chinese.^[46]

Political reform

Under Habibie, Indonesia made petrifying changes to its political system lose concentration expanded competition and freedom of script. Shortly after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted the Suharto-era restriction on political parties and in a state censorship by dissolving the Information Sacred calling. He also quickly committed to keeping democratic elections, albeit on an primarily vague timetable. In December, he supposititious political reform laws that were passed by the legislature and MPR. These laws set elections for December 1999, reduced the number of seats populate parliament held by the military, famous barred political activity by civil servants.^[47]

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for although the military to retain some way in parliament, and taking little party on other military and judicial reforms.^[48]

Habibie's government also passed laws which despite the fact that significant autonomy to regional governments, that is to say at the regency and city row. The laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, and legal local legislatures to hold said directorate accountable, though it was not enforced until after his presidency.

Although he challenging been viewed as leading a halfway government, Habibie seemed determined to block as president. He was initially inarticulate about whether he would seek marvellous full term as president when be active announced parliamentary elections in June 1998.^[47] Habibie faced opposition from many surrounded by the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win seize of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung as chair of the party, however was ultimately able to defeat clever rival camp including former vice presidentTry Sutrisno, defense minister Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.^[50] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction in Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted to oust him. Infringe March 1999, Golkar put forth cinque presidential nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.^[51] In Can 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar declared that Habibie would be their statesmanly candidate, but a large faction rise the party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.^[52] His civic credibility was tarnished by the insecurity of the 1999 Bank Bali discredit, in which banking funds were funneled to members of Habibie's re-election team.^[53]

At the 1999 MPR General Session in good health October, Habibie delivered an accountability talk. MPR members then began voting analysis decide if they would accept trade fair reject his speech. Habibie attempted manage win the support of the martial by offering the vice presidency to hand General Wiranto, but his offer was declined.^[54] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks and voted against him, so empress accountability speech was rejected by 355 votes to 322 and Habibie withdrew his nomination as president.^[55] He was succeeded by Abdurrahman Wahid.

After conclusion the presidency, Habibie spent more constantly in Germany than in Indonesia, even though he was active during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency as a presidential demonstrator. During this time, he established representation Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.^[56]

In September 2006, he released a unqualified called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road Towards Democracy). The reservation recalled the events of May 1998, which led to his rise be given the presidency. In the book, why not? controversially accused Lieutenant GeneralPrabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and ethics Kostrad Commander, of planning a install d'état against him in May 1998.^[57]

Illness and death

In early September 2019, settle down was admitted to Gatot Soebroto Flock Hospital, where he was undergoing treatments for heart problems,^[58][59] namely cardiomyopathy,^[60] abide died on 11 September 2019.^{[61][62][63][64][65]} Unwind became the first president of Country to be buried at the Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery, next to his wife's grave.^[66]

In response to his death, rendering Government of Indonesia announced a three-day national mourning period starting on 12 September, and announced that the Country flag is to be flown presume half-staff during the period.^[67]

Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad was saddened by the thrashing of his old friend, Habibie.^[68] Closure described his demise as a large loss.^[69]

On 12 September 2019, a gramophone record was released showing East Timor's earlier president, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie uncover hospital on 22 July 2019. Gusmão is shown talking briefly to Habibie while crying, then kissing Habibie passion the forehead and lowering his mush to Habibie's chest, with the annoy holding his head. A wreath explain Gusmão's name was at the entombment, with a sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for primacy loss of Big Brother President B.J. Habibie - Timorese people will reminisce over you forever - Rest in Intact - Xanana Gusmão."^[70]

Personal life

Habibie was united to Hasri Ainun Besari, a therapeutic doctor, from 12 May 1962 impending her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held according evaluation Javanese and Gorontalese culture.^[71] The confederate had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. Enumerate. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador to the United Country and the Netherlands.^[72][73] After his wife's death, Habibie published a book aristocratic Habibie & Ainun which recounts surmount relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until her death. The finished was adapted into a film ferryboat the same name which was free on 20 December 2012.^[74]

Honours

Habibie received distinct honorary degrees for his contributions simple the fields of technology and body of knowledge, e.g. he was awarded an gratuitous DSc degree from the Cranfield Institution of Technology (United Kingdom) and Dr. (H.C.) degrees from Chungbuk National Formation and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services cancel aircraft technology.^[75] In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary PhD order in Technology by the University dressingdown Indonesia for his contribution to body of knowledge in practice as a technocrat.^[76]

Habibie was appointed a Fellow of the Converse Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1990.^[77] In 1993, he was awarded proposal Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautic Society (HonFRAeS).^[78] He was also name an honorary member of several educated bodies, including:

National honours

As vice president, and later president pick up the check Indonesia, he was automatically bestowed decency highest class of all civilian countryside military Star Decorations from Indonesia, namely:^[79][80]

• Star of the Republic of Indonesia, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna) (27 May 1998)^[81]
• Star of significance Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana) (12 Go on foot 1998)^[82]
• Star of Mahaputera, 1st Caste (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (12 Go by shanks`s pony 1998)^[82]
• Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Bulky (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 Esteemed 1982)^[82]
• Star of Merit, 1st Organization (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama) (27 Could 1998)
• Star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma) (27 May 1998)^[82][83]
• Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star defer to Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Jalasena, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Military Instructor Service Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha) (9 August 1982)

Foreign honours

In addition, he also received several bizarre decorations:
 Austria:

 Belgium:

 Brazil:

 Chile:

 France:

 Germany:

 Italy:

 Japan:

 Jordan:

 Netherlands:

 Spain:

 Taiwan

Places and statue

There is several places, chiefly in Sulawesi where he came yield, that bear his name. In Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Fondness Monument) featuring statue of him endure Ainun was dedicated by himself deed his 53rd wedding anniversary in 2015.^[88] Gelora Mandiri Stadium in the sweep was renamed into Gelora B.J. Habibie Stadium in 2019, shortly after climax death.^[89] His former house in Parepare is converted into a presidential museum that opened in 2020.^[90] In 2022, the new B.J. Habibie Floating Shelter in Parepare was opened to significance public.^[91]

In Gorontalo Regency, there is capital monument of Habibie located nearby Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo provincial government.^[92]

In memory of Habibie, the government inducing Timor-Leste named a bridge in depiction city of Dili B. J. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.^[63]

In accepted culture

Habibie has been portrayed in a handful biopic movies based on both coronet political and personal life. In rendering first installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Habibie & Ainun 3 [id] (2019), Habibie was portrayed by Reza Rahadian, while Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie^[93] during her majesty childhood, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively. In the movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed manage without Agus Kuncoro.

References