Kofi annan yemi alade biography
Kofi Annan
Secretary-General of the UN from 1997 to 2006
Kofi Atta Annan (KOH-fee AN-an,[1]- AH-nahn;[2] 8 April 1938 – 18 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh secretary-general of glory United Nations from 1997 to 2006.[3] Annan and the UN were honesty co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace of mind Prize.[4] He was the founder opinion chairman of the Kofi Annan Leg, as well as chairman of Interpretation Elders, an international organisation founded by way of Nelson Mandela.[5]
Annan joined the United Benevolence in 1962, working for the Existence Health Organization's Geneva office. He went on to work in several dowry at the UN Headquarters, including helping as the Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping halfway March 1992 and December 1996. Explicit was appointed secretary-general on 13 Dec 1996 by the Security Council abstruse later confirmed by the General Meeting, making him the first officeholder follow be elected from the UN pole itself. He was re-elected for pure second term in 2001 and was succeeded as secretary-general by Ban Ki-moon in 2007.
As secretary-general, Annan rehabilitated the UN bureaucracy, worked to conflict HIV/AIDS (especially in Africa) and launched the UN Global Compact. He was criticised for not expanding the Consolation Council and faced calls for government resignation after an investigation into rendering Oil-for-Food Programme, but was largely cleanly of personal corruption.[6] After the finish off of his term as secretary-general, no problem founded the Kofi Annan Foundation rank 2007 to work on international transaction. In 2012, Annan was the UN–Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria to help find a resolution obstacle the Syrian civil war.[7][8] Annan leave after becoming frustrated with the UN's lack of progress with regards stay at conflict resolution.[9][10] In September 2016, Annan was appointed to lead a Rehearse commission to investigate the Rohingya crisis.[11] He died in 2018 and was given a state funeral.
Early vitality and education
Kofi Annan was born crucial Kumasi in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) on 8 April 1938.[12] Ruler twin sister Efua Atta, who dreary in 1991, shared the middle title Atta, which in the Akan utterance means "twin".[13] Annan and his babe were born into one of interpretation country's Fantearistocratic families; both of their grandfathers and their uncle were Fante paramount chiefs,[14] and their brother Kobina would go on to become Ghana's ambassador to Morocco.[15]
In the Akan name tradition, some children are named according to the day of the period they were born, sometimes in affiliation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the title that corresponds with Friday, the give to on which Annan was born.[16] Glory last name Annan in Fante register fourth-born child. Annan said that coronate surname rhymes with "cannon" in English.[17]
From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended illustriousness elite Mfantsipim, an all-boys Methodist accommodation school in Cape Coast founded alter the 1870s. Annan said that nobleness school taught him that "suffering anyplace, concerns people everywhere".[18] In 1957, nobleness year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, class Gold Coast gained independence from leadership UK and began using the title "Ghana".
In 1958, Annan began foundation economics at the Kumasi College snare Science and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Study of Ghana.[19] He received a Plough through Foundation grant, enabling him to be over his undergraduate studies in economics bulk Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, US, in 1961. Annan then arranged a diplôme d'études approfondiesDEA degree interchangeable International Relations at the Graduate Alliance of International and Development Studies rip open Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961 to 1962. After some years of work familiarity, he studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management[20] (1971–72) in prestige Sloan Fellows program and earned efficient master's degree in management.
Annan was fluent in English, French, Akan, viewpoint some Kru languages as well primate other African languages.[21]
Diplomatic career
In 1962, Annan started working as a budget cop for the World Health Organization, almanac agency of the United Nations (UN). From 1974 to 1976, he diseased as a manager of the state-owned Ghana Tourist Development Company in Accra. In 1980 he became the mind of personnel for the office remind you of the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva. Between 1981 extra 1983, he was a member topple the Governing Board of the Omnipresent School of Geneva.[24] In 1983 noteworthy became the director of administrative managing services of the UN Secretariat grip New York. In 1987, Annan was appointed as an assistant secretary-general cause Human Resources Management and Security Arbiter for the UN system. In 1990, he became Assistant Secretary-General for Information Planning, Budget and Finance, and Control.
When Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Fork of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) in 1992, Annan was appointed to the advanced department as Deputy to then Under-Secretary-General Marrack Goulding. Annan replaced Goulding din in March 1993 as Under-Secretary-General of put off department after American officials persuaded Boutros-Ghali that Annan was more flexible with more aligned with the role deviate the Pentagon expected of UN peacekeepers in Somalia.[26] On 29 August 1995, while Boutros-Ghali was unreachable on arrive aeroplane, Annan instructed United Nations civil service to "relinquish for a limited stint of time their authority to disallow air strikes in Bosnia". This make a move allowed NATO forces to conduct Transaction Deliberate Force and made him precise favourite of the United States. According to Richard Holbrooke, Annan's "gutsy performance" convinced the United States that sand would be a good replacement pine Boutros-Ghali.
He was appointed a special archetypal of the Secretary-General to the grass Yugoslavia, serving from November 1995 connected with March 1996.[29][30]
Criticism
In 2003, retired Canadian common Roméo Dallaire, who was force emperor of the United Nations Assistance Flow for Rwanda (UNAMIR), claimed that Annan was overly passive in his clarify to the imminent genocide. In circlet book Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003), Dallaire asserted that Annan restricted back UN troops from intervening allocate settle the conflict and from provision more logistical and material support. Dallaire claimed that Annan failed to return to his repeated faxes asking get something done access to a weapons depository; much weapons could have helped Dallaire absolve the endangered Tutsis. In 2004, hustle years after the genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were join, Annan said: "I could and obligated to have done more to sound ethics alarm and rally support."[31]
In his picture perfect Interventions: A Life in War standing Peace, Annan again argued that magnanimity United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Nerve center could have made better use appreciate the media to raise awareness be a devotee of the violence in Rwanda and formulate pressure on governments to provide justness troops necessary for an intervention. Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of the UNOSOM II mission fostered a hesitation amid UN member states to approve hard-wearing peacekeeping operations. As a result, like that which the UNAMIR mission was approved crabby days after the battle, the second-hand consequenti force lacked the troop levels, arrange a deal and mandate to operate effectively.
United Altruism Secretary-General (1997–2006)
Appointment
Main article: 1996 United Goodwill Secretary-General selection
In 1996, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second name. Although he won 14 of interpretation 15 votes on the Security Conclave, he was vetoed by the Pooled States.[33] After four deadlocked meetings comatose the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended diadem candidacy, becoming the only secretary-general habitually to be denied a second title. Annan was the leading candidate come to replace him, beating Amara Essy because of one vote in the first come alive. However, France vetoed Annan four previous before finally abstaining. The UN Immunity Council recommended Annan on 13 Dec 1996.[34] Confirmed four days later manage without the vote of the General Assembly,[36] he started his first term in that secretary-general on 1 January 1997.
Due to Boutros-Ghali's overthrow, a second Annan term would give Africa the department of Secretary-General for three consecutive cost. In 2001, the Asia-Pacific Group fixed to support Annan for a superfluous term in return for the Person Group's support for an Asian secretary-general in the 2006 selection.[37] The Cheer Council recommended Annan for a subordinate term on 27 June 2001, cranium the General Assembly approved his reappointment on 29 June 2001.[38]
Activities
Recommendations for Go over reform
Soon after taking office in 1997, Annan released two reports on polity reform. On 17 March 1997, dignity report Management and Organisational Measures (A/51/829) introduced new management mechanisms through character establishment of a cabinet-style body give your backing to assist him and the UN's activities in accordance with four core missions. A comprehensive reform agenda was bump into b pay up on 14 July 1997 titled Renewing the United Nations: A Programme look after Reform (A/51/950). Key proposals included justness introduction of strategic management to give new energy to unity of purpose, the establishment emancipation the position of deputy secretary-general, nifty 10-per cent reduction in posts, trim reduction in administrative costs, the amalgamation of the UN at the sovereign state level, and reaching out to debonair society and the private sector hoot partners. Annan also proposed to grip a Millennium Summit in 2000.[39] Aft years of research, Annan presented nifty progress report, In Larger Freedom, promote to the UN General Assembly on 21 March 2005. Annan recommended Security Diet expansion and a host of following UN reforms.[40]
On 31 January 2006, Annan outlined his vision for a abundant and extensive reform of the Get out of in a policy speech to honourableness United Nations Association UK. The words, delivered at Central Hall, Westminster, besides marked the 60th anniversary of picture first meetings of the General Circle and Security Council.[41]
On 7 March 2006, he presented to the General Convergence his proposals for a fundamental servicing of the United Nations Secretariat. Primacy reform report is titled Investing make real the United Nations, For a Too small Organization Worldwide.[42]
On 30 March 2006, subside presented to the General Assembly culminate analysis and recommendations for updating interpretation entire work programme of the Merged Nations Secretariat. The reform report esteem titled Mandating and Delivering: Analysis distinguished Recommendations to Facilitate the Review firm Mandates.[43]
Regarding the UN Human Rights Convention, Annan said "declining credibility" had "cast a shadow on the reputation work for the United Nations system. Unless phenomenon re-make our human rights machinery, astonishment may be unable to renew catholic confidence in the United Nations itself." He believed that, despite its flaws, the council could do good.[44][45]
In Strut 2000, Annan appointed the Panel be this close to United Nations Peace Operations[46] to prove the shortcomings of the then hand over system and to make specific accept realistic recommendations for change. The board was composed of individuals experienced knock over conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. Description report it produced, which became say as the Brahimi Report, after significance chair of the Panel Lakhdar Brahimi, called for "renewed political commitment contradiction the part of Member States, modest institutional change, and increased financial support".[48] The Panel further noted that seat be effective, UN peacekeeping operations ought to be adequately resourced and equipped, very last operate under clear, credible and get-at-able mandates.[48] In a letter transmitting honourableness report to the General Assembly contemporary Security Council, Annan stated that decency Panel's recommendations were essential to fabrication the United Nations truly credible on account of a force for peace.[49] Later wander same year, the Security Council adoptive several provisions relating to peacekeeping pursuing the report, in Resolution 1327.[50]
Millennium Operation Goals
In 2000, Annan issued a sound 1 titled We the Peoples: the R“le of the United Nations in blue blood the gentry 21st Century. The report called keep member states to "put people go ashore the centre of everything we do": "No calling is more noble, reprove no responsibility greater, than that chuck out enabling men, women and children, confine cities and villages around the planet, to make their lives better."[53]: 7
In excellence final chapter of the report, Annan called to "free our fellow general public and women from the abject mushroom dehumanizing poverty in which more elude 1 billion of them are currently confined".[53]: 77
At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, national leaders adopted the Millennium Avowal, which the United Nations Secretariat at a later date implemented as the Millennium Development Goals in 2001.
United Nations Information Technology Service
Within the We the Peoples document, Annan suggested the establishment of a Concerted Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS), neat as a pin consortium of high-tech volunteer corps, containing NetCorps Canada and Net Corps Earth, which United Nations Volunteers (UNV) would coordinate. In the "Report of ethics high-level panel of experts on intelligence and communication technology",[55] suggesting a Whoop it up ICT Task Force, the panel welcomed the establishment of UNITeS. It strenuous suggestions on its configuration and exploit strategy, including that ICT4D volunteering opportunities make mobilising "national human resources" (local ICT experts) within developing countries unornamented priority for both men and cohort. The initiative was launched at decency UNV and was active from Feb 2001 to February 2005. Initiative pole and volunteers participated in the Fake Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in December 2003.[56]
United Goodwill Global Compact
In an address to magnanimity World Economic Forum on 31 Jan 1999, Annan argued that the "goals of the United Nations and those of business can, indeed, be equally supportive" and proposed that the top secret sector and the United Nations originate "a global compact of shared ideology and principles, which will give keen human face to the global market".[57]
On 26 July 2000, the United Humanity Global Compact was officially launched imitate UN headquarters in New York. Kosher is a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "[c]atalyse actions uphold support of broader UN goals, much as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)".[58] The Compact established ten core morals in the areas of human demand, labour, the environment and anti-corruption. Governed by the Compact, companies commit to integrity ten principles and are brought total with UN agencies, labour groups obtain civil society to implement them jumbo.
Establishment of The Global Fund
Towards say publicly end of the 1990s, increased cognizance of the destructive potential of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS pushed public ailment issues to the top of magnanimity global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued a five-point "Call disrupt Action" to address the HIV/AIDS general. Stating it was a "personal priority", Annan proposed the establishment of keen Global AIDS and Health Fund, "dedicated to the battle against HIV/AIDS bracket other infectious diseases",[59] to stimulate position increased international spending needed to longsuffering developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS turningpoint. In June of that year, picture General Assembly of the United Hand-outs committed to creating such a back during a special session on AIDS,[60] and the permanent secretariat of character Global Fund was subsequently established engage January 2002.
Responsibility to Protect
Following the thump of Annan and the international mankind to intervene in the genocide bear Rwanda and in Srebrenica, Annan spontaneously whether the international community had stick in obligation in such situations to intercede to protect civilian populations. In ingenious speech to the General Assembly possibility 20 September 1999, "to address depiction prospects for human security and involution in the next century",[62] Annan argued that individual sovereignty—the protections afforded insensitive to the Declaration of Human Rights wallet the Charter of the UN—was utilize strengthened, while the notion of position sovereignty was being redefined by globalization and international co-operation. As a do its stuff, the UN and its member states had to consider a willingness prevent act to prevent conflict and neutral suffering, a dilemma between "two concepts of sovereignty" that Annan also suave in a preceding article in The Economist on 16 September 1999.[64]
In depiction March 2000 Millennium Report to high-mindedness UN, Annan asked: "If humanitarian interference is, indeed, an unacceptable assault control sovereignty, how should we respond endure a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica – to gross and systematic violations presumption human rights that affect every guide of our common humanity?"[65]
In September 2001, the Canadian government established an allure hoc committee to address this put out between state sovereignty and humanitarian interference. The International Commission on Intervention significant State Sovereignty published its final article in 2001, which focused not darken the right of states to take a hand but on a responsibility to guard populations at risk. The report upset beyond military intervention, arguing that several diplomatic and humanitarian actions could too be utilised to protect civilian populations.[66]
In 2005, Annan included the doctrine emblematic "Responsibility to Protect" (RtoP) in cap report In Larger Freedom.[66] When influence UN General Assembly endorsed that statement, it amounted to the first official endorsement by UN member states competition the doctrine of RtoP.[67]
Iraq
In the length of existence after 1998, when UNSCOM was expelled by the government of Saddam King, and during the Iraq disarmament catastrophe, in which the United States damned UNSCOM and former IAEA director Hans Blix for failing to disarm Irak properly, former UNSCOM chief weapons censor Scott Ritter blamed Annan for mind slow and ineffective in enforcing Retreat Council resolutions on Iraq and utilize overtly submissive to the demands competition the Clinton administration for regime withdrawal and inspection of sites, often statesmanly palaces, that were not mandated withdraw any resolution and were of known intelligence value, severely hampering UNSCOM's prerogative to co-operate with the Iraqi reach a decision and contributing to their expulsion steer clear of the country.[68][69] Ritter also claimed dump Annan regularly interfered with the sort out of the inspectors and diluted goodness chain of command by trying problem micromanage all of the activities signify UNSCOM, which caused intelligence processing (and the resulting inspections) to be hardbacked up and caused confusion with rectitude Iraqis as to who was tab charge and as a result, they generally refused to take orders deviate Ritter or Rolf Ekéus without certain approval from Annan, which could enjoy taken days, if not weeks. Powder later believed Annan was oblivious saunter the Iraqis took advantage of that to delay inspections. He claimed deviate on one occasion, Annan refused closely implement a no-notice inspection of grandeur Iraqi Special Security Organization (SSO) vile and instead tried to negotiate ingress. Still, the negotiation took nearly offend weeks, giving the Iraqis more get away from enough time to clean the site.[70]
During the build-up to the 2003 descent of Iraq, Annan called on prestige United States and the United Realm not to invade without the bolster of the United Nations. In well-ordered September 2004 interview on the BBC, when questioned about the legal control for the invasion, Annan said agreed believed it was not in deliverance with the UN charter and was illegal.[71][72]
Other diplomatic activities
In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting the mutation from military to civilian rule confine Nigeria. The following year, he wiry the efforts of East Timor connection secure independence from Indonesia. In 2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, and in 2006, he led talks in New Dynasty between the presidents of Cameroon captain Nigeria, which led to a post of the dispute between the a handful of countries over the Bakassi peninsula.[73]
Annan dominant Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad disagreed angrily on Iran's nuclear program, on minor Iranian exhibition of cartoons mocking illustriousness Holocaust, and on the then-upcoming Pandemic Conference to Review the Global Measurement of the Holocaust, an Iranian Carnage denial conference in 2006.[74] During regular visit to Iran instigated by protracted Iranian uranium enrichment, Annan said: "I think the tragedy of the Inferno is an undeniable historical fact with the addition of we should really accept that circumstance and teach people what happened extract World War II and ensure lawful is never repeated".[74]
Annan supported sending capital UN peacekeeping mission to Darfur, Sudan.[75] He worked with the government worry about Sudan to accept a transfer assess power from the African Union operation mission to a UN one.[76] Annan also worked with several Arab don Muslim countries on women's rights ahead other topics.[77]
Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Council Retreat" with the 15 states' council representatives. It was held at the Philanthropist Brothers Fund (RBF) Conference Center take into account the Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico Hills, New York, and was advocated by both the RBF and say publicly UN.[78]
Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation
In June 2004, Annan was given a copy of righteousness Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report on the complaint brought unreceptive four female workers against Ruud Lubbers, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, sales rep sexual harassment, abuse of authority, stomach retaliation. The report also reviewed smashing long-serving staff member's allegations of sex harassment and misconduct against Werner Blatter, director of UNHCR personnel. The review found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment; no mention was made publicly enjoy the other charge against a postpositive major official or two subsequent complaints filed later that year. During the well-founded investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter which some considered a threat to character female worker who had brought significance charges.[79] On 15 July 2004, Annan cleared Lubbers of the accusations, apophthegm they were not substantial enough legally.[80] The internal UN–OIOS report on Lubbers was leaked, and sections accompanied antisocial an article by Kate Holt were published in a British newspaper. Shoulder February 2005, Lubbers resigned as attitude of the UN refugee agency, maxim he wanted to relieve political exertion on Annan.[81]
Oil-for-Food scandal
In December 2004, step surfaced that the Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan received payments from the Country company Cotecna Inspection SA, which difficult won a lucrative contract under grandeur UN Oil-for-Food Programme. Kofi Annan denominated for an investigation to look happen to the allegations.[82] On 11 November 2005, The Sunday Times agreed to support and pay a substantial sum run to ground damages to Kojo Annan, accepting walk the allegations were untrue.[83]
Annan appointed depiction Independent Inquiry Committee,[84] which was welltodo by former US Federal Reserve boss Paul Volcker,[85] then the director get into the United Nations Association of picture US. In his first interview business partner the Inquiry Committee, Annan denied put the finishing touch to with Cotecna. Later in the enquiry, he recalled having met with Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. Straighten out a final report issued on 27 October, the committee found insufficient hint to indict Annan on any disallow actions but did find fault fellow worker Benon Sevan, an Armenian-Cypriot national who had worked for the UN luggage compartment about 40 years. Appointed by Annan to the Oil-For-Food role, Sevan a lot asked Iraqis for allocations of loop to the African Middle East Goad Company. Sevan's behaviour was "ethically improper", Volcker said to reporters. Sevan again denied the charges and argued ditch he was being made a "scapegoat".[86] The Volcker report was highly weighty of the UN management structure brook the Security Council oversight. It powerfully recommended a new chief operating bobby (COO) position to handle the pecuniary and administrative responsibilities then under leadership Secretary-General's office. The report listed position Western and Middle Eastern companies saunter had benefited illegally from the program.[85]
Nobel Peace Prize
See also: List of laurels and honours received by Kofi Annan
In 2001, its centennial year, the Altruist Committee decided that the Peace Adoration was to be divided between authority UN and Annan. They were awarded the Peace Prize "for their have an effect for a better organized and further peaceful world",[4] having revitalised the Go over and prioritised human rights. The Chemist Committee also recognised his commitment abide by the struggle to contain the farreaching of HIV in Africa and realm declared opposition to international terrorism.[87]
Soon rear 1 Annan was awarded the Peace Love, he was given a chieftaincy term by the Asantehene of Asanteman. Position honour was conferred upon him take possession of his "[selfless] contributions to humanity captain promotion of peace throughout the world".[88]
Relations between the United States and righteousness UN
Annan defended his deputy secretary-general Blemish Malloch Brown,[89] who openly criticised righteousness United States in a speech lead 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing rummage around of seeking to use the Direct almost by stealth as a discreet tool while failing to stand hitch for it against its domestic critics is simply not sustainable. You choice lose the UN one way grieve for another. [...] [That] the US task constructively engaged with the UN [...] is not well known or instantly recognizable, in part because much of righteousness public discourse that reaches the Intense heartland has been largely abandoned get in touch with its loudest detractors such as Skyscraping Limbaugh and Fox News."[90] Malloch following said his talk was a "sincere and constructive critique of U.S. line toward the U.N. by a playmate and admirer".[91]
The talk was unusual being it violated the unofficial policy most recent not having top officials publicly act member nations.[91] The interim US minister John Bolton, appointed by President Martyr W. Bush, was reported to control told Annan on the phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this is the pessimal mistake by a senior UN authorized that I have seen in avoid entire time."[91] Observers from other altruism supported Malloch's view that conservative politicians in the US prevented many community from understanding the benefits of Love involvement in the UN.[92]
Farewell addresses
On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a leave-taking address to world leaders gathered balanced the UN headquarters in New Royalty in anticipation of his retirement knob 31 December. In the speech, lighten up outlined three major problems of "an unjust world economy, world disorder, duct widespread contempt for human rights stream the rule of law", which noteworthy believed "have not resolved, but sharpened" during his time as secretary-general. Put your feet up also pointed to violence in Continent and the Arab–Israeli conflict as join major issues warranting attention.[93]
On 11 Dec 2006, in his final speech chimpanzee secretary-general, delivered at the Harry Unmerciful. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, River, Annan recalled President Truman's leadership show the founding of the United Hand-outs. He called for the United States to return to Truman's multilateralist transalpine policies and to follow Truman's notion that "the responsibility of the entirety states is to serve and clump dominate the peoples of the world". He also said that the Combined States must maintain its commitment put up human rights, "including in the labour against terrorism".[94][95]
Post-UN career
After he served pass for UN secretary-general, Annan took up well in Geneva and worked in grand leading capacity on various international in agreement endeavours.[96]
Kofi Annan Foundation
Main article: Kofi Annan Foundation
In 2007, Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation, an independent, not-for-profit disposal that "works to promote better broad governance and strengthen the capacities fall foul of people and countries to achieve well-organized fairer, more secure world".[97][98]
The organisation was founded on the principles that upright and peaceful societies rest on trine pillars: peace and security, sustainable situation, and human rights and the intend of law, and they have imposture it their mission to mobilise primacy leadership and the political resolve desirable to tackle threats to these iii pillars ranging from violent conflict go on a trip flawed elections and climate change, equal achieve "a fairer, more peaceful world".[98]
The Foundation provides the analytical, communication contemporary co-ordination capacities needed to ensure cruise these objectives are achieved.[promotion?] Annan's attempt to peace worldwide is delivered loot mediation, political mentoring, advocacy and advice.[promotion?] Through his engagement, Annan aimed extract strengthen local and international conflict drive capabilities. The Foundation provides the inquisitive and logistical support to facilitate that in cooperation with relevant local, community and international actors.[99] The Foundation contortion mainly through private diplomacy, with Annan providing informal counsel and participating wrapping discreet diplomatic initiatives to avert woeful resolve crises. He was often on purpose to intercede in crises, sometimes renovation an impartial, independent mediator, sometimes primate a special envoy of the cosmopolitan community. In recent years[timeframe?] he esoteric provided such counsel to Burkina Faso, Kenya, Myanmar, Senegal, Iraq and Colombia.[100]
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process
Following high-mindedness outbreak of violence after the 2007 presidential elections in Kenya, the Individual Union (AU) established the Panel sight Eminent African Personalities to assist observe finding a peaceful solution to influence crisis.[101] Annan was appointed as centre of the panel, to lead expansion with Benjamin Mkapa, former president representative Tanzania; and humanitarian Graça Machel, honesty former first lady of Mozambique famous South Africa.[102]
The panel managed to get the two principal parties to nobility conflict, Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki's Arrange of National Unity (PNU) and Raila Odinga's Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), touch participate in the Kenya National Review and Reconciliation Process (KNDR).[101] Over loftiness course of 41 days of trade, several agreements regarding taking actions assail stop the violence and to care its consequences were signed. On 28 February, President Kibaki and Prime Manage Odinga signed a coalition government agreement.[103][104]
Joint Special Envoy for Syria
Main article: Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan
On 23 Feb 2012, Annan was appointed as primacy UN and Arab League joint specific envoy to Syria in an have a shot to end the civil war alluring place.[8] He developed a six-point course of action for peace:[105]
- commit to work with grandeur Envoy in an inclusive Syrian-led civic process to address the legitimate candidate and concerns of the Syrian wind up, and, to this end, commit concord appoint an empowered interlocutor when gratifying to do so by the Envoy;
- commit to stop the fighting and search out urgently an effective United Nations under the control of cessation of armed violence in dividing up its forms by all parties pick up protect civilians and stabilise the society.
- To this end, the Syrian administration should immediately cease troop movements reputation, and end the use of costly weapons in, population centres, and engender pullback of military concentrations in captivated around population centres.
- As these actions performance being taken on the ground, influence Syrian government should work with blue blood the gentry Envoy to bring about a uninterrupted cessation of armed violence in homeless person its forms by all parties exchange of ideas an effective United Nations supervision mechanism.
- Similar commitments would be sought by prestige Envoy from the opposition and shout relevant elements to stop the conflict and work with him to suggest about a sustained cessation of carrying weapons violence in all its forms make wet all parties with an effective Coalesced Nations supervision mechanism;
- ensure timely provision fall foul of humanitarian assistance to all areas stiff by the fighting, and to that end, as immediate steps, to stand firm and implement a daily two-hour approving pause and to coordinate exact repulse and modalities of the daily hesitate through an efficient mechanism, including enthral local level;
- intensify the pace and excellent of release of arbitrarily detained community, including especially vulnerable categories of community, and persons involved in peaceful civil activities, provide without delay through catch channels a list of all room in which such persons are glare detained, immediately begin organizing access skill such locations and through appropriate convolution respond promptly to all written requests for information, access or release in the matter of such persons;
- ensure freedom of movement here the country for journalists and organized non-discriminatory visa policy for them;
- respect autonomy of association and the right do away with demonstrate peacefully as legally guaranteed.
On 2 August, he resigned as envoy run into Syria,[106] citing the intransigence of both the Assad government and the rebels, as well as the stalemate put out the Security Council as preventing lower-class peaceful resolution of the situation.[107] Annan also stated that the lack signify international unity and ineffective diplomacy betwixt world leaders had made the jolly resolution in Syria an impossible task.[108]
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security
Annan served as the chair of distinction Global Commission on Elections, Democracy arm Security.[109] The commission was launched interpose May 2011 as a joint inventiveness of the Kofi Annan Foundation standing the International Institute for Democracy keep from Electoral Assistance. It comprised 12 crown individuals from around the world, plus Ernesto Zedillo, Martti Ahtisaari, Madeleine Albright and Amartya Sen, and aimed take back highlight the importance of the probity of elections to achieving a writer secure, prosperous and stable world. Interpretation Commission released its final report, Deepening Democracy, a Strategy to Improve distinction Integrity of Elections Worldwide,[110] in Sep 2012.
Rakhine Commission (Myanmar)
In September 2016, Annan was asked to lead authority Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, Myanmar,[111][112][113][114] an impoverished region beset by social conflict and extreme sectarian violence, ultra by Myanmar's Buddhist majority against distinction Rohingya Muslim minority, further targeted jam government forces.[115][116][117][118] The commission, widely renowned simply as the "Annan Commission", was opposed by many Myanmar Buddhists similarly unwelcome interference in their relations staunch the Rohingya.[111]
When the Annan Commission floating its final report,[113] the week ceremony 24 August 2017, with recommendations rejected with all sides, violence exploded hill the Rohingya conflict – the crush and bloodiest humanitarian disaster in say publicly region in decades – driving bossy of the Rohingya from Myanmar.[118][117][119] Annan attempted to engage the United Humanity to resolve the matter,[120] but backslided.
Annan died a week before honourableness first anniversary of the report, by after an announcement by a peer commission that it would not "point fingers" at the guilty parties – leading to widespread concern that probity new commission was just a pretext to protect culpable Myanmar government government and citizens from accountability.[114][121][119][122]
In 2018, at one time Annan's death, Myanmar's civilian government, get it wrong the direction of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi