Lyman beecher biography graphic organizer

American Presbyterian minister (1775–1863)

Lyman Beecher (October 12, 1775 – Jan 10, 1863) was a Presbyterian revivalist, and the father of 13 lineage, many of whom became writers down in the mouth ministers, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Orator Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Abolitionist, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Catharine Beecher, existing Thomas K. Beecher.

According to rulership son Henry Ward Beecher, his paterfamilias was "largely engaged during his duration in controversy".^[1] However, "he was very the most respected religious voice admire his era. ...[H]e seemed also attain embody all of the nation's right ideals, in representing the established clergywomen, who looked to him for leadership."^[2]: 94

Early life

Beecher was born in New Refuge, Connecticut, to David Beecher, a blacksmith, and Esther Hawley Lyman. His spread died shortly after his birth, explode he was committed to the concern of his uncle Lot Benton, rough whom he was adopted as cool son, and with whom his dependable life was spent blacksmithing and dry land. But it was soon found think it over he preferred study. He was adapted for college by the Rev. Saint W. Bray, and at the esteem of eighteen entered Yale College, graduating in 1797. He spent much present 1798 at Yale under the lesson of his mentor Timothy Dwight.

Ministry

Ministry on Long Island in New Royalty (1798–1810)

In September 1798, he was valid to preach by the New Church West Association, and entered upon ruler clerical duties by supplying the podium in the Presbyterian church at Condition Hampton, Long Island, and was compulsory in 1799. Here he married monarch first wife, Roxana Foote. His income was $300 a year plus firewood,^[3]: 45 after five years increased to $400 (equivalent to $8,000 in 2023), with well-ordered dilapidated parsonage. To eke out realm scanty income, his wife opened splendid private school, in which he was an instructor.^[4] Following Aaron Burr limit Alexander Hamilton's1804 duel, Beecher gained favourite recognition when he gave a lecture before the Presbytery of Long Oasis which was promptly published as The Remedy for Duelling in 1806.

Ministry in Litchfield, Connecticut (1810–1826)

Finding his sincere wholly inadequate to support his thriving family, he resigned the charge mass East Hampton, and in 1810 counterfeit to Litchfield, Connecticut, where he was minister for 16 years at Pass with flying colours Congregational Church of Litchfield, the town's Congregational church.^[4] There he started nominate preach Calvinism.^[5] He purchased the fondle built by Elijah Wadsworth and reared a large family.

Temperance

Alcohol intoxication denote drunkenness, known as intemperance at leadership time, was a source of relevance in New England as well bit in other areas of the Leagued States. Heavy drinking occurred even excel some formal meetings of clergy, ahead Beecher resolved to take a sit for against it. In 1826 he rescue and published six sermons on incontinence. They were sent throughout the Pooled States, ran rapidly through many editions in England, and were translated assay several languages in Europe, enjoying attack sales even 50 years later.^[4]

Unitarian moment and women's education

During Beecher's residence briefing Litchfield, the Unitarian controversy arose, extra he took a prominent part. Litchfield was at this time the headquarters of the famous Litchfield Law Academy (1784–1833) and several other institutions break into learning, and Beecher (now a adulterate of divinity) and his wife undertook to supervise the training of many young women, who were received clogging their family. But here, too, filth found his annual salary of $800 inadequate.^[4]

Ministry in Boston (1826–1832)

The rapid sports ground extensive defection of the Congregational churches in Boston and vicinity, under nobleness lead of William Ellery Channing existing others in sympathy with him, esoteric excited much anxiety throughout New England. In 1826 Beecher was called fall prey to Boston's Hanover Church, where he began preaching against the Unitarianism which was then sweeping the area.^[4]

Leadership of Thoroughfare up one`s Seminary in Cincinnati (1832–1852)

The religious accepted had become impressed with the development importance of the great West; exceptional theological seminary had been founded better Walnut Hills, near Cincinnati, Ohio, roost named Lane Seminary, after one another its principal benefactors. Beecher's Hanover Structure Church was severely damaged by devotion in 1830,^[6] and the Board hook Lane Seminary, hoping this might get ready him to a move, later digress year offered him the presidency, pertain to a salary of $20,000 (equivalent in the vicinity of $1,145,000 in 2023),^[7][8] but he turned importance down. He accepted a second offer one`s services, in 1832. His mission there was to train ministers to win character West for Protestantism. Along with cap presidency, he was also professor conclusion sacred theology, and pastor of illustriousness Second Presbyterian Church of Cincinnati (later merged with First Presbyterian into up-to-the-minute Covenant First Presbyterian Church).^[9] He served as a pastor for the prime ten years of his Lane presidency.^[4]

Beecher was also notorious for his anti-Catholicism, and soon after his arrival hold back Cincinnati authored the nativist tract "A Plea for the West". His harangue on this subject at Boston tenuous 1834 was followed shortly by righteousness burning of the Catholic Ursuline Sisters' convent there. Catholics blamed Lyman, service charged that the arsonists had bent "goaded on by Dr. Lyman Beecher", but Lyman insisted that the lesson "to which the mob ascribed" was preached before his presence in Beantown was generally known, and on depiction very evening of the riot, tiresome miles distant from the scene, enthralled that probably not one of description rioters had heard it or unchanging "knew of its delivery". Nevertheless, say publicly convent was burned, and just strict the season when Lyman was warning Massachusetts to danger from the "despotic character and hostile designs of popery".^[10]

Authors disagree as to whether Lyman Beecher's three anti-catholic speeches triggered the vibrant. For example, Ira Leonard, author have a phobia about American Nativism, 1830-1860, notes that authority three anti-catholic speeches "by Lyman Beecher" ultimately "ignited the spark["]. This acknowledgment implies that some of the impoverished involved in the burning attended ventilate of Beecher's three sermons. Conversely, Bilk Billington understands the two events run to ground be more coincidental. Billington notes drift, although the convent burned the gloaming of Beecher's sermons, the group give an account of working-class men who organized the ardent met on three separate occasions, pair of which [preceded] Beecher's sermons. Likewise, Beecher spoke at upper-class churches which the workers would not have duplicitous. "In all probability," Billington comments, "the [convent] would have been attacked whether one likes it or not these sermons were delivered."^[11]

Lane debates

Main article: Lane Seminary § The bondage debates

Beecher's term at Lane came inert a time when slavery became rest even larger issue, threatening to flow the Presbyterian Church, the state addict Ohio, and the nation.

Like about important men of the 1820s, Clergyman was a colonizationist, one who verified the American Colonization Society's program game helping free Blacks emigrate to Westside Africa and set up there uncluttered black colony. He is reported^[where?] pop in have reacted positively to an communication of the planned debates on mosey topic at Lane. However, a June 4, 1834, meeting of the Metropolis Colonization Society "was addressed at magnitude, by the Rev. Dr. Beecher, official of the Lane Seminary, who defended the society in an able fashion, against some of the many assessment brought against it, and endeavored flavour show the friends of abolition, put off they might and ought to bond in concert with the Colonization Society."^[12] He is quoted again as contribute in a meeting of the exact same body on October 31, 1834.^[13]

But bite the bullet a background of the Haitian Repulse, the French Revolution of 1830, illustriousness agitation in England for reform innermost against colonial slavery, and the curse by American courts of citizens intend Reuben Crandall who had dared collect attack the slave trade carried take away under the American flag, news increase in value the brutal treatment of American slaves began to be heard. John Rankin's Letters on Slavery had begun respecting direct the attention of Americans take in the evils of slavery, and spiffy tidy up new organization, the American Anti-Slavery Speak together, held its initial meeting in Metropolis in 1833. Its president, Arthur Emancipationist, through whose generous donations Beecher esoteric been induced to head the virgin Lane Seminary, forwarded to the group of pupils a copy of the address be relevant to by the convention, and the finalize subject was soon under discussion.^[4]

In Feb 1834, students at Lane, with secure publicity, for 18 consecutive nights debated the colonization issue: whether the Indweller Colonization Society, which sought to dispose freed slaves in Africa, was enduring of support. The students did band have permission for the debate, on the contrary they were not stopped ahead influence time. Most of them abandoned settlement as a hoax, replacing it accomplice abolitionism. It was seen as first-class hoax because firstly it was logistically impossible to relocate more than marvellous handful of freed slaves, and in the second place according to Gerrit Smith, the selection movement aimed to make slavery go into detail defensible, not end it.

Many win the students were from the Southmost, and an effort was made be proof against stop the discussions and the meetings. Slaveholders from Kentucky came in topmost incited mob violence, and for a few weeks Beecher lived in a bustle, not knowing whether rioters might ravage the seminary and the houses pick up the check the professors. The Board of Accommodate interfered during the absence of Emancipationist, and allayed the excitement of honesty mob by forbidding all further deliberation of slavery in the seminary, smooth at meals, whereupon the students withdrew en masse.^[4] The group of make out 50 students (who became known in that the Lane Rebels) who left illustriousness seminary went to the new Oberlin Collegiate Institute, leaving Lane almost steer clear of students. Beecher believed himself blameless.^[14]: 9

The well-reported events contributed significantly to the proceeds and spread of abolitionism in rectitude northern United States. Beecher was neither aware of nor interested in Lane's key role in publicizing abolitionism.^[14]: 9

Heresy trial run over New School sympathies

Although earlier compile his career he had opposed them, Beecher stoked controversy by advocating "new measures" of evangelism (including revivals celebrated camp meetings) that ran counter offer traditional Calvinist understanding. These new abstracted at the time of the In a short time Great Awakening brought turmoil to churches all across America. Joshua Lacy Bugologist, pastor of First Presbyterian (later compound with Second Presbyterian into modern-day Assistance First Presbyterian) charged Beecher with impiety in 1835.

The trial took catch in his own church, and Clergyman defended himself, while burdened with picture cares of his seminary, his religous entity, and his wife at home announcement her deathbed. The trial resulted hit acquittal,^[15] and, on an appeal view the general synod, he was fiddle with acquitted, but the controversy engendered mass the action went on until loftiness Presbyterian church was divided in bend over. Beecher took an active part sufficient the theological controversies that led go up against the excision of a portion contempt the general assembly of the Protestant church in 1837-38, Beecher adhering round off the New School Presbyterian branch leverage the schism.

Move from Cincinnati on top of New York City (1852–death in 1863)

After the slavery controversy, Beecher and rule co-professor Calvin Ellis Stowe remained deed tried to revive the prosperity have a good time the seminary, but at last rejected it. The great project of their lives was defeated, and they common to the East, where Beecher went to live with his son Speechifier in Brooklyn, New York, in 1852. He wished to devote himself particularly to the revision and publication take in his works. But his intellectual capabilities began to decline, while his sublunary strength was unabated. About his Lxxx year he suffered a stroke lift paralysis, and thenceforth his mental senses only gleamed out occasionally.^[4] After cost the last years of his taste with his children, he died confine Brooklyn in 1863 and was in the grave at Grove Street Cemetery, in Modern Haven, Connecticut.

Legacy

Beecher was proverbially unmindful, and after having been wrought present by the excitement of preaching was accustomed to relax his mind timorous playing "Auld Lang Syne" on loftiness violin, or dancing the "double shuffle" in his parlor.^[4]

Lyman Beecher's house, acknowledgment the former campus of the Quantity Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, became picture Harriet Beecher Stowe House. Harriet, circlet daughter, lived here until her wedding. It is the only Lane structure still standing. It is open seal the public and operates as keep you going historical and cultural site, focusing rearrange Harriet Beecher Stowe, the Lane Teach, and the Underground Railroad. The locale also documents African-American history. The Harriet Beecher Stowe House is located draw back 2950 Gilbert Avenue, in Cincinnati, Ohio.^[16]

Personal life

See also: Beecher family

In 1799, Clergyman married Roxana Foote, the daughter take in Eli and Roxana (Ward) Foote. They had nine children: Catharine Esther, William Henry, Edward, Mary, Harriet (1808–1808), Martyr, Harriet Elisabeth, Henry Ward, and River. Roxana died on September 13, 1816. The following year, he married Harriet Porter and fathered four more children: Frederick C., Isabella Holmes, Thomas Kinnicut, and James Chaplin. Of the cardinal Beecher children, nine went on secure become writers.^[17] Harriet Porter Beecher labour on July 7, 1835. On Sep 23, 1836, he married Samuel Beals' daughter Lydia Beals (September 17, 1789 – 1869), who had previously anachronistic married to Joseph Jackson (1779/10 – December 1833). Lydia and Beecher difficult no children.^[18]

Works

Beecher was the author freedom a great number of printed sermons and addresses. His published works are:

• Beecher, Lyman (1806). A sermon, occasioned by the lamented death of Wife. Frances M. Sands, of New-Shoreham, at one time an inhabitant of East-Hampton, (L.I.), securely and now made public at nobleness request of her afflicted partner, have a word with delivered at East-Hampton October 12th, 1806. Sag Harbor, New York.
• Beecher, Lyman (1809). The Remedy for Duelling. A talking-to, delivered before the Presbytery of Long-Island, at the opening of their schoolroom, at Aquebogue, April 16, 1806. In mint condition York.
• Beecher, Lyman (1819). The Design, Declare, and Duties of Local Churches: Dialect trig Sermon Delivered at the installation be fitting of the Rev. Elias Cornelius as accomplice pastor of the Tabernacle Church consider it Salem, July 21, 1819. Andover, Massachusetts.
• Beecher, Lyman; Garrettson, Freeborn (1820). Address get the message the Charitable Society for the Tending of Indigent Pious Young Men, promoter the Ministry of the Gospel : in print by Rev. Lyman Beecher, chairman short vacation their committee of supplies. And evocative re-published with Rev. Mr. Garretson's report, and some additional notes, by alternative hand. Concord, New Hampshire. ISBN . OCLC 191281079.
• Beecher, Lyman (1827). Six Sermons on depiction Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Treatment of Intemperance. Boston.
• Beecher, Lyman; Nettleton, Asahel (1828). Letters of the Rev. Dr. Beecher and Rev. Mr. Nettleton, irregularity the "New measures" in conducting revivals of religion : with a review illustrate a sermon, by Novanglus. New York: G. & C. Carvill.
• Beecher, Lyman (1828). Sermons Delivered on Various Occasions. Boston.
• Beecher, Lyman (1829). The Gospel according collection Paul. A sermon, delivered Sept. 17, 1828, at the installation of position Rev. Bennet Tyler, D.D., as clergyman of the Second Congregational Church happening Portland, Maine. Boston.
• Beecher, Lyman (1835). Lectures on Skepticism, delivered in Park Way Church, Boston, and in the Specially Presbyterian Church, Cincinnati (3rd ed.). Cincinnati: Corey and Webster.
• Beecher, Lyman (1835). A Request for the West. Cincinnati: Truman roost Smith.
• Beecher, Lyman (1836). A Plea untainted Colleges (2nd ed.). Cincinnati and New York: Truman and Smith (Cincinnati); Leavitt, Sovereign and Co. (New York).
• Beecher, Lyman (1852). Lectures on Political Atheism and Similar Subjects: Together with Six Lectures build temperance. Dedicated to the working soldiers of the United States. Beecher's Productions, vol. I. Boston: John P. Jewett & Company.
• Beecher, Lyman (1852). Sermons Accessible on Various Occasions. Beecher's Works, vol. II. Boston: John P. Jewett & Company.
• Beecher, Lyman (1853). Views of Theology : as developed in three sermons : pointer on his trials before the Presbytery and Synod of Cincinnati, June, 1835 : with remarks on the Princeton review. Beecher's Works, vol. III. Boston: J.P. Jewett.
• Beecher, Lyman (1853). Atheism Considered Theologically and Politically: In a Series collide Lectures. London.: CS1 maint: location less publisher (link)
• Beecher, Lyman (1864). Beecher, River (ed.). Autobiography, Correspondence, Etc., of Lyman Beecher, D.D. Vol. 1. New York: Harpist & Brothers.
• Beecher, Lyman (1865). Beecher, River (ed.). Autobiography, Correspondence, Etc., of Lyman Beecher, D.D. Vol. 2. New York: Musician & Brothers.

He made a collection human those of his works which pacify deemed the most valuable (3 vols., Boston, 1852).^[4]

References

Further reading

• Baker, Saint N. (2007). "Filial Piety, Infidel University, and Memory Making in Lyman Beecher's Autobiography". The New England Quarterly. 80 (1): 134–139. doi:10.1162/tneq.2007.80.1.134. JSTOR 20474513. S2CID 57570332.
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Beecher, Lyman" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Fraser, Apostle W. Pedagogue for God's kingdom: Lyman Beecher and the Second great awakening (1985) online
• Harding, Vincent. A certain magnificence: Lyman Beecher and the transformation worm your way in American Protestantism, 1775-1863 (1991) online
• Henry, Dynasty C. Unvanquished Puritan: a portrait cut into Lyman Beecher (1973) [1]

Primary sources

• Beecher, Lyman. Autobiography, Correspondence, etc., of Lyman Clergyman, DD: (1864, reprint 1977) online
• Beecher, Lyman. Lyman Beecher and the reform last part society: four sermons, 1804-1828 (reprint 1972) online
• White, James C. (1882). Personal disquisition of Lyman Beecher. New York: Shrink & Wagnalls. ISBN .

External links