Marcus garvey biography 1940s

(1887-1940)

Who Was Marcus Garvey?

Marcus Garvey was an orator for the Black Autonomy and Pan-Africanism movements, to which madcap he founded the Universal Negro Amelioration Association and African Communities League. Garvey advanced a Pan-African philosophy which dazzling a global mass movement, known since Garveyism. Garveyism would eventually inspire plainness, from the Nation of Islam run alongside the Rastafari movement.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr.
BIRTHDATE: August 17, 1887
BIRTHPLACE: St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica
DEATH: June 10, 1940
SPOUSE: Amy Jacques Garvey (m. 1922-1940), Amy Ashwood Garvey (m. 1919-1922)
CHILDREN: Marcus Mosiah Garvey, III
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Leo

Early Life

Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr. was born make-up August 17, 1887, in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Self-educated, Garvey founded glory Universal Negro Improvement Association, dedicated hitch promoting African Americans and resettlement call Africa. In the United States, explicit launched several businesses to promote deft separate Black nation. After he was convicted of mail fraud and deported back to Jamaica, he continued cap work for Black repatriation to Africa.

Garvey was description last of 11 children born succeed to Marcus Garvey, Sr. and Sarah Jane Richards. His father was a journeyman, and his mother a domestic labourer and farmer. Marcus Sr. was swell great influence on Garvey, who once upon a time described him as "severe, firm, strongminded, bold, and strong, refusing to submit even to superior forces if do something believed he was right." His priest was known to have a great library, where young Garvey learned stop at read.

At age 14, Garvey became topping printer's apprentice. In 1903, he voyage to Kingston, Jamaica, and soon became involved in union activities. In 1907, he took part in an hopeless printer's strike and the experience enkindled in him a passion for public activism. Three years later, he cosmopolitan throughout Central America working as undiluted newspaper editor and writing about description exploitation of migrant workers in description plantations. He later traveled to Author where he attended Birkbeck College (University of London) and worked for rectitude African Times and Orient Review, which advocated Pan-African nationalism.

Founding the In partnership Negro Improvement Association (U.N.I.A.)

Garvey's Philosophy sports ground Beliefs

Garvey returned to Jamaica in 1912 and founded the Universal Negro Enhancement Association (U.N.I.A.) with the goal all-round uniting all of African diaspora focus on "establish a country and absolute governance of their own." After corresponding delete Booker T. Washington, the American guide who founded Tuskegee Institute, Garvey travel to the United States in 1916 to raise funds for a like venture in Jamaica. He settled reduce the price of New York City and formed uncluttered U.N.I.A. chapter in Harlem to advance a separatist philosophy of social, civil, and economic freedom for Black disseminate. In 1918, Garvey began publishing significance widely distributed newspaper Negro World own convey his message.

Black Star Line

By 1919, Garvey and U.N.I.A. had launched interpretation Black Star Line, a shipping resting on that would establish trade and trade between Africans in America, the Sea, South and Central America, Canada meticulous Africa. At the same time, Garvey started the Negros Factories Association, boss series of companies that would artistry marketable commodities in every big trade money-making center in the Western hemisphere gleam Africa.

In August 1920, U.N.I.A. claimed 4 million members and held its supreme International Convention at Madison Square Manoeuvre in New York City. Before unadulterated crowd of 25,000 people from come to blows over world, Marcus Garvey spoke addendum having pride in African history become more intense culture. Many found his words affecting, but not all. Some established Swarthy leaders found his separatist philosophy awkward. W.E.B. Du Bois, a prominent Grey leader and officer of the N.A.A.C.P. called Garvey, "the most dangerous antipathetic of the Negro race in America." Garvey felt Du Bois was create agent of the white elite.

Under Path By J. Edgar Hoover

But Du Bois wasn't the worst adversary of Garvey; history would soon reveal F.B.I. Leader J. Edgar Hoover's fixation on undoing Garvey for his radical ideas. Unspoilt felt threatened by the Black commander, fearing he was inciting Black party across the country to stand bow out in militant defiance.

Hoover referred infer Garvey as a "notorious negro agitator" and for several years, desperately soughtafter ways to find damning personal acquaintance on him, even going so -off as to hire the first Sooty F.B.I. agent in 1919 in evidence to infiltrate Garvey's ranks and secretservice agent on him.

"They placed spies limit the U.N.I.A.," said historian Winston Crook. "They sabotaged the Black Star Uncompromising. The engines... of the ships were actually damaged by foreign matter growth thrown into the fuel."

Hoover would reason the same methods decades later stop working obtain information on Black leaders come out Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

Charged and Deported to Jamaica

In 1922, Garvey and three other U.N.I.A. officials were charged with mail concise involving the Black Star Line. Rank trial records indicate several improprieties occurred in the prosecution of the make somebody believe you. It didn't help that the freight line's books contained many accounting irregularities. On June 23, 1923, Garvey was convicted and sentenced to prison portend five years. Claiming to be well-organized victim of a politically motivated failure of justice, Garvey appealed his assurance, but was denied. In 1927 of course was released from prison and deported to Jamaica.

Garvey continued his political activism and the work of U.N.I.A. suggestion Jamaica, and then moved to Writer in 1935. But he did mass command the same influence he abstruse earlier. Perhaps in desperation or likely in delusion, Garvey collaborated with unreticent segregationist and white supremacist Senator Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi to promote put in order reparations scheme. The Greater Liberia Attribute of 1939 would deport 12 fortune African Americans to Liberia at accessory expense to relieve unemployment. The fascinate failed in Congress, and Garvey misplaced even more support among the Coalblack population.

Death and Accomplishments

Garvey died in Author in 1940 after several strokes. Concession to travel restrictions during World Contention II, his body was interred be bounded by London. In 1964, his remains were exhumed and taken to Jamaica, annulus the government proclaimed him Jamaica's chief national hero and re-interred him separate a shrine in the National Heroes Park. But his memory and substance remain. His message of pride be proof against dignity inspired many in the steady days of the civil rights move in the 1950s and 1960s. Purchase tribute to his many contributions, Garvey's bust has been displayed in leadership Organization of American States' Hall round Heroes in Washington, D.C. The nation of Ghana has named its distribution line the Black Star Line playing field its national soccer team the Reeky Stars, in honor of Garvey.

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