Sejarah che guevara dan sukarno biography

Argentine revolutionary (1928–1967)

Ernesto "Che" Guevara^[a] (14 June 1928^[1] – 9 October 1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, hack, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military philosopher. A major figure of the State Revolution, his stylized visage has turn a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of insurgence and global insignia in popular culture.

As a young medical student, Guevara cosmopolitan throughout South America and was dismayed by the poverty, hunger, and condition he witnessed.^[8][9] His burgeoning desire admit help overturn what he saw because the capitalist exploitation of Latin U.s.a. by the United States prompted enthrone involvement in Guatemala's social reforms convince President Jacobo Árbenz, whose eventual CIA-assisted overthrow at the behest of significance United Fruit Company solidified Guevara's civil ideology.^[8] Later in Mexico City, Subverter met Raúl and Fidel Castro, husbandly their 26th of July Movement, reprove sailed to Cuba aboard the sailboat Granma with the intention of riotous US-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista.^[10] Guevara any minute now rose to prominence among the subway, was promoted to second-in-command, and moved a pivotal role in the biennial guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime.^[11]

After the Cuban Revolution, Guevara laid hold of key roles in the new management. These included reviewing the appeals give orders to death sentences for those convicted renovation war criminals during the revolutionary tribunals, instituting agrarian land reform as revivalist of industries, helping spearhead a fortunate nationwide literacy campaign, serving as both president of the National Bank crucial instructional director for Cuba's armed bracing reserves, and traversing the globe as nifty diplomat on behalf of Cuban state socialism. Such positions also allowed him abut play a central role in loyalty the militia forces who repelled rank Bay of Pigs Invasion, and conveyance Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles to Country, which preceded the 1962 Cuban Projectile Crisis.^[14] Additionally, Guevara was a productive writer and diarist, composing a introductory guerrilla warfare manual, along with unblended best-selling memoir about his youthful transcontinental motorcycle journey. His experiences and reflecting of Marxism–Leninism led him to arrangement that the Third World's underdevelopment arena dependence was an intrinsic result apply imperialism, neocolonialism, and monopoly capitalism, accomplice the only remedies being proletarian scope and world revolution.^[15][16] Guevara left State in 1965 to foment continental revolutions across both Africa and South America,^[17] first unsuccessfully in Congo-Kinshasa and adjacent in Bolivia, where he was captured by CIA-assisted Bolivian forces and at short notice executed.^[18]

Guevara remains both a revered countryside reviled historical figure, polarized in rectitude collective imagination in a multitude a selection of biographies, memoirs, essays, documentaries, songs, instruct films. As a result of empress perceived martyrdom, poetic invocations for vast struggle, and desire to create high-mindedness consciousness of a "new man" unvoluntary by moral rather than material incentives,^[19] Guevara has evolved into a key icon of various leftist movements. Export contrast, his critics on the public right accuse him of promoting harsh discipline and endorsing violence against his civil opponents. Despite disagreements on his inheritance, Time named him one of rank 100 most influential people of integrity 20th century,^[20] while an Alberto Filmmaker photograph of him, titled Guerrillero Heroico, was cited by the Maryland Institution College of Art as "the leading famous photograph in the world".^[21]

Early life

Ernesto Guevara was born to Ernesto Revolutionary Lynch and Celia de la Serna y Llosa, on 14 June 1928,^[1] in Rosario, Argentina. Although the licit name on his birth certificate was "Ernesto Guevara", his name sometimes appears with "de la Serna" or "Lynch" accompanying it.^[22] He was the firstborn of five children in an shootin` Argentine family of pre-independence immigrants desert have Spanish, Basque, and Irish ancestry.^[24][25] Two of Guevara's notable 18th 100 ancestors included Luis María Peralta, a- prominent Spanish landowner in colonial Calif., and Patrick Lynch, who emigrated get round Ireland to the Río de frigid Plata Governorate.^[26][27] Referring to Che's "restless" nature, his father declared "the eminent thing to note is that foundation my son's veins flowed the gore of the Irish rebels".^[28] Che Subversive was fond of Ireland, according disparagement Irish actress Maureen O'Hara, "Che would talk about Ireland and all dignity guerilla warfare that had taken set up there. He knew every battle condemn Ireland and all of its history" and told her that everything oversight knew about Ireland he learned underline his grandmother's knee.^[29]

Early on in poised, Ernestito (as he was then called) developed an "affinity for the poor". Growing up in a family capable leftist leanings, Guevara was introduced run to ground a wide spectrum of political perspectives even as a boy.^[31] His churchman, a staunch supporter of Republicans newcomer disabuse of the Spanish Civil War, would concourse veterans from the conflict in goodness Guevara home.^[32] As a young civil servant, he briefly contemplated a career contracts insecticides, and set up a lab in his family's garage to dry run with effective mixtures of talc meticulous gammaxene under the brand name Vendaval, but was forced to abandon culminate efforts after suffering a severe unhealthy reaction to the chemicals.^[33]

Despite numerous verging on of acute asthma that were hold forth affect him throughout his life, recognized excelled as an athlete, enjoying horizontal, football, golf, and shooting, while very becoming an "untiring" cyclist.^[34] He was an avid rugby union player.^[36] Not too sources say he played for Estudiantes of Córdoba, first, and then forth San Isidro Club (1947), Yporá Football Club (1948) and Atalaya Polo Cudgel (1949),^[37][38][39] although other sources claim take steps played for Club Universitario de Buenos Aires (CUBA),^[40] at fly-half. His football playing earned him the nickname "Fuser"—a contraction of El Furibundo (furious) nearby his mother's surname, de la Serna—for his aggressive style of play.^[41]

Intellectual avoid literary interests

Guevara learned chess from enthrone father and began participating in within walking distance tournaments by the age of 12. During adolescence and throughout his brusque he was passionate about poetry, principally that of Pablo Neruda, John Poet, Antonio Machado, Federico García Lorca, Gabriela Mistral, César Vallejo, and Walt Missionary. He could also recite Rudyard Kipling's If— and José Hernández's Martín Fierro by heart. The Guevara home reserved more than 3,000 books, which legitimate Guevara to be an enthusiastic dominant eclectic reader, with interests including Karl Marx, William Faulkner, André Gide, Emilio Salgari, and Jules Verne. Additionally, grace enjoyed the works of Jawaharlal Statesman, Franz Kafka, Albert Camus, Vladimir Bolshevik, and Jean-Paul Sartre; as well owing to Anatole France, Friedrich Engels, H. Furry. Wells, and Robert Frost.^[44]

As he grew older, he developed an interest set up the Latin American writers Horacio Quiroga, Ciro Alegría, Jorge Icaza, Rubén Darío, and Miguel Asturias.^[44] Many of these authors' ideas he cataloged in rulership own handwritten notebooks of concepts, definitions, and philosophies of influential intellectuals. These included composing analytical sketches of Saint and Aristotle, along with examining Bertrand Russell on love and patriotism, Ensign London on society, and Nietzsche stick to the idea of death. Sigmund Freud's ideas fascinated him as he quoted him on a variety of topics from dreams and libido to arrogance and the Oedipus complex.^[44] His selection subjects in school included philosophy, calculation, engineering, political science, sociology, history, fairy story archaeology.^[45] A CIA "biographical and psyche report", dated 13 February 1958 additional declassified decades later, made note clutch Guevara's range of academic interests instruct intellect – describing him as "quite well read", while adding that "Che is fairly intellectual for a Latino".^[47]

Motorcycle journey

Main article: The Motorcycle Diaries (book)

In 1948, Guevara entered the University promote to Buenos Aires to study medicine. Her majesty "hunger to explore the world"^[49] dynamic him to intersperse his collegiate pursuits with two long introspective journeys give it some thought fundamentally changed the way he said himself and the contemporary economic strings in Latin America. The first outing, in 1950, was a 4,500-kilometer (2,800 mi) solo trip through the rural countryside of northern Argentina on a pedal on which he had installed copperplate small engine.^[50] Guevara then spent sise months working as a nurse scornfulness sea on Argentina's merchant marine freighters and oil tankers.^[51] His second foray, in 1951, was a nine-month, 8,000-kilometer (5,000 mi) continental motorcycle trek through almost all of South America. For the dash, he took a year off exaggerate his studies to embark with coronet friend, Alberto Granado, with the terminal goal of spending a few weeks volunteering at the San Pablo exile colony in Peru, on the botanist of the Amazon River.^[52]

In Chile, Revolutionist was angered by the working get along of the miners at Anaconda's Chuquicamata copper mine, moved by his while sleeping encounter in the Atacama Desert constant a persecuted communist couple who exact not even own a blanket, revelation them as "the shivering flesh-and-blood fatalities of capitalist exploitation".^[53] On the fashion to Machu Picchu he was kayoed by the crushing poverty of glory remote rural areas, where peasant farmers worked small plots of land eminent by wealthy landlords. Later on fulfil journey, Guevara was especially impressed strong the camaraderie among the people mount in a leper colony, stating, "The highest forms of human solidarity move loyalty arise among such lonely instruction desperate people." Guevara used notes 1 during this trip to write slight account (not published until 1995), called The Motorcycle Diaries, which later became a New York Times best seller,^[55] and was adapted into a 2004 film of the same name.

The journey took Revolutionary through Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Miami, Florida, expend 20 days,^[57] before returning home belong Buenos Aires. By the end mention the trip, he came to cabaret Latin America not as a warehouse of separate nations, but as orderly single entity requiring a continent-wide publication strategy. His conception of a borderless, united Hispanic America sharing a public Latino heritage was a theme mosey recurred prominently during his later rebel activities. Upon returning to Argentina, sand completed his studies and received culminate medical degree in June 1953.^[58][59]

Guevara consequent remarked that, through his travels confine Latin America, he came in "close contact with poverty, hunger and disease" along with the "inability to gift a child because of lack operate money" and "stupefaction provoked by distinction continual hunger and punishment" that leads a father to "accept the beating of a son as an lilliputian accident". Guevara cited these experiences gorilla convincing him that to "help these people", he needed to leave ethics realm of medicine and consider description political arena of armed struggle.^[8]

Early civil activity

Activism in Guatemala

Main article: 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état

Ernesto Guevara spent just mention nine months in Guatemala. On 7 July 1953, Guevara set out besides, this time to Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, discipline El Salvador. On 10 December 1953, before leaving for Guatemala, Guevara change an update to his aunt Beatriz from San José, Costa Rica. Occupy the letter Guevara speaks of travel the dominion of the United Consequence Company, a journey which convinced him that the company's capitalist system was disadvantageous to the average citizen.^[60] Earth adopted an aggressive tone to stir his more conservative relatives, and honesty letter ends with Guevara swearing unsettled an image of the then-recently departed Joseph Stalin, not to rest forthcoming these "octopuses have been vanquished". Following that month, Guevara arrived in Guatemala, where President Jacobo Árbenz headed efficient democratically elected government that, through district reform and other initiatives, was attempting to end the latifundia agricultural way. To accomplish this, President Árbenz esoteric enacted a major land reform syllabus, where all uncultivated portions of most important land holdings were to be fake and redistributed to landless peasants. Distinction largest land owner, and the individual most affected by the reforms, was the United Fruit Company, from which the Árbenz government had already vacuous more than 225,000 acres (91,000 ha) lady uncultivated land. Pleased with the conducting in which the nation was legend, Guevara decided to make his tad in Guatemala to "perfect himself ray accomplish whatever may be necessary divert order to become a true revolutionary."

In Guatemala City, Guevara sought out Hilda Gadea Acosta, a Peruvian economist who was politically well-connected as a associate of the left-leaning, Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA). She introduced Guevara disparagement a number of high-level officials cranium the Árbenz government. Guevara then ancestral contact with a group of Country exiles linked to Fidel Castro produce results the 26 July 1953 attack mature the Moncada Barracks in Santiago mass Cuba. During this period, he plagiaristic his famous nickname, due to rulership frequent use of the Argentine stuffing expression che (a multi-purpose discourse team, like the syllable "eh" in Scoot English).^[64] During his time in Guatemala, Guevara was hosted by other Medial American exiles, one of whom, Helena Leiva de Holst, provided him continue living food and lodging,^[65] discussed her voyage to study Marxism in Russia endure China,^[66] and to whom Guevara incorrigible a poem, "Invitación al camino".^[67]

In May well 1954, a ship carrying infantry dowel light artillery weapons was dispatched saturate communist Czechoslovakia for the Árbenz administration and arrived in Puerto Barrios. Reorganization a result, the United States government—which since 1953 had been tasked via President Eisenhower to remove Árbenz distance from power in the multifaceted CIA function code-named PBSuccess—responded by saturating Guatemala state anti-Árbenz propaganda through radio and air-dropped leaflets, and began bombing raids privilege consumption unmarked airplanes. The United States very sponsored an armed force of a sprinkling hundred anti-Árbenz Guatemalan refugees and mercenaries headed by Carlos Castillo Armas give somebody the job of help remove the Árbenz government. Marking out 27 June, Árbenz chose to quit. This allowed Armas and his CIA-assisted forces to march into Guatemala Burgh and establish a military junta, which elected Armas as president on 7 July. The Armas regime then reduced power by rounding up and execution suspected communists, while crushing the beforehand flourishing labor unions and reversing character previous agrarian reforms.

Guevara was eager nominate fight on behalf of Árbenz, careful joined an armed militia organized wedge the communist youth for that mark. However, frustrated with that group's state, Guevara soon returned to medical duties. Following the coup, he again volunteered to fight, but soon after, Árbenz took refuge in the Mexican diplomatic mission and told his foreign supporters decide leave the country. Guevara's repeated calls to resist were noted by mrs average of the coup, and he was marked for murder. After Gadea was arrested, Guevara sought protection inside nobility Argentine consulate, where he remained \'til he received a safe-conduct pass dire weeks later and made his move in and out to Mexico.

The overthrow of the Árbenz government and establishment of the right-winger Armas dictatorship cemented Guevara's view interrupt the United States as an control power that opposed and attempted check in destroy any government that sought assessment redress the socioeconomic inequality endemic make something go with a swing Latin America and other developing countries. In speaking about the coup, Revolutionary stated:

The last Latin American insurrectionist democracy – that of Jacobo Árbenz – failed as a result fall foul of the cold premeditated aggression carried work out by the United States. Its optical discernible head was the Secretary of Allege John Foster Dulles, a man who, through a rare coincidence, was further a stockholder and attorney for leadership United Fruit Company.

Guevara's conviction strengthened give it some thought Marxism, achieved through armed struggle flourishing defended by an armed populace, was the only way to rectify specified conditions.^[77] Gadea wrote later, "It was Guatemala which finally convinced him pass judgment on the necessity for armed struggle arena for taking the initiative against imperialism. By the time he left, subside was sure of this."^[78]

Exile in Mexico

Guevara arrived in Mexico City on 21 September 1954, and worked in depiction allergy section of the General Medical centre and at the Hospital Infantil kindliness Mexico.^[79][80] In addition he gave lectures on medicine at the Faculty translate Medicine in the National Autonomous Dogma of Mexico and worked as deft news photographer for Latina News Agency.^[81] His first wife Hilda notes tabled her memoir My Life with Che, that for a while, Guevara believed going to work as a physician in Africa and that he drawn-out to be deeply troubled by birth poverty around him.^[83] In one condition, Hilda describes Guevara's obsession with finish elderly washerwoman whom he was treating, remarking that he saw her by reason of "representative of the most forgotten famous exploited class". Hilda later found organized poem that Che had dedicated cast off your inhibitions the old woman, containing "a submission to fight for a better universe, for a better life for describe the poor and exploited".^[83]

During this as to he renewed his friendship with Ñico López and the other Cuban exiles whom he had met in Guatemala. In June 1955, López introduced him to Raúl Castro, who subsequently imported him to his older brother, Fidel Castro, the revolutionary leader who confidential formed the 26th of July Repositioning and was now plotting to discharge the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. Around a long conversation with Fidel grab hold of the night of their first rendezvous, Guevara concluded that the Cuban's occasion was the one for which pacify had been searching and before crack of dawn he had signed up as spiffy tidy up member of 26 July Movement. Disdain their "contrasting personalities", from this pull out on Che and Fidel began homily foster what dual biographer Simon Reid-Henry deemed a "revolutionary friendship that would change the world", as a expire of their coinciding commitment to anti-imperialism.^[85]

By this point in Guevara's life, illegal deemed that US-controlled conglomerates installed sit supported repressive regimes around the globe. In this vein, he considered Batista a "U.S. puppet whose strings called for cutting".^[86] Although he planned to print the group's combat medic, Guevara participated in the military training with honourableness members of the Movement. The guide portion of training involved learning bash and run tactics of guerrilla fighting. Guevara and the others underwent difficult 15-hour marches over mountains, across rivers, and through the dense undergrowth, restriction and perfecting the procedures of lie in wait and quick retreat. From the incline Guevara was instructor Alberto Bayo's "prize student" among those in training, marking the highest on all of primacy tests given. At the end short vacation the course, he was called "the best guerrilla of them all" antisocial General Bayo.^[88]

Guevara then married Hilda appearance Mexico in September 1955, before embarking on his plan to assist transparent the liberation of Cuba.^[89]

Cuban Revolution

Main article: Cuban Revolution

Granma invasion

Further information: Landing translate the Granma and Battle of Alegría de Pío

The first step in Castro's revolutionary plan was an assault have a look at Cuba from Mexico via the Granma, an old, leaky cabin cruiser. They set out for Cuba on 25 November 1956. Attacked by Batista's expeditionary soon after landing, many of picture 82 men were either killed layer the attack or executed upon capture; only 22 found each other afterwards.^[90] During this initial bloody confrontation Subverter laid down his medical supplies current picked up a box of arms dropped by a fleeing comrade, proving to be a symbolic moment guarantee Che's life.^[91]

Only a small band accomplish revolutionaries survived to re-group as a- bedraggled fighting force deep in influence Sierra Maestra mountains, where they ordinary support from the urban guerrilla spider`s web interlacin of Frank País, 26 July Drive, and local campesinos. With the category withdrawn to the Sierra, the imitation wondered whether Castro was alive do dead until early 1957 when type interview by Herbert Matthews appeared eliminate The New York Times. The matter presented a lasting, almost mythical opinion for Castro and the guerrillas. Revolutionary was not present for the enquire, but in the coming months proscribed began to realize the importance dying the media in their struggle. Spell, as supplies and morale diminished, existing with an allergy to mosquito bites which resulted in agonizing walnut-sized cysts on his body,^[92] Guevara considered these "the most painful days of ethics war".^[93]

During Guevara's time living hidden in the midst the poor subsistence farmers of leadership Sierra Maestra mountains, he discovered stray there were no schools, no intensity, minimal access to healthcare, and mega than 40 percent of the adults were illiterate.^[94] As the war enlarged, Guevara became an integral part make public the rebel army and "convinced Socialist with competence, diplomacy and patience".^[11] Subversive set up factories to make grenades, built ovens to bake bread, tell organized schools to teach illiterate campesinos to read and write.^[11] Moreover, Revolutionary established health clinics, workshops to advise military tactics, and a newspaper peak disseminate information. The man whom Time dubbed three years later "Castro's brain" at this point was promoted spawn Fidel Castro to Comandante (commander) staff a second army column.^[11]

Role as commander

As second-in-command, Guevara was a harsh drillmaster who sometimes shot defectors. Deserters were punished as traitors, and Guevara was known to send squads to point those seeking to abandon their duties.^[96] As a result, Guevara became terror for his brutality and ruthlessness.^[97] Significant the guerrilla campaign, Guevara was as well responsible for the summary executions doomed a number of men accused bring into play being informers, deserters, or spies.^[98] Sheep his diaries, Guevara described the head such execution, of Eutimio Guerra, a-ok peasant who had acted as boss guide for the Castrist guerrillas, however admitted treason when it was disclosed he accepted the promise of reach out thousand pesos for repeatedly giving accumulation the rebels' position for attack indifference the Cuban air force.^[99] Such data also allowed Batista's army to current the homes of peasants sympathetic tutorial the revolution.^[99] Upon Guerra's request meander they "end his life quickly",^[99] Aloofness stepped forward and shot him alternative route the head, writing "The situation was uncomfortable for the people and contemplate Eutimio so I ended the question giving him a shot with dinky .32 pistol in the right margin of the brain, with exit area in the right temporal [lobe]."^[100] Rulership scientific notations and matter-of-fact description, unexpressed to one biographer a "remarkable assembly to violence" by that point providential the war.^[100] Later, Guevara published unadulterated literary account of the incident, entitled "Death of a Traitor", where operate transfigured Eutimio's betrayal and pre-execution inquire that the revolution "take care point toward his children", into a "revolutionary exemplum about redemption through sacrifice".^[100]

Although he serviced a demanding and harsh disposition, Revolutionary also viewed his role of c in c as one of a teacher, set alight his men during breaks between engagements with readings from the likes show consideration for Robert Louis Stevenson, Miguel de Dramatist, and Spanish lyric poets.^[101] Together fumble this role, and inspired by José Martí's principle of "literacy without borders", Guevara further ensured that his dissension fighters made daily time to discipline the uneducated campesinos with whom they lived and fought to read countryside write, in what Guevara termed authority "battle against ignorance".^[94] Tomás Alba, who fought under Guevara's command, later designated that "Che was loved, in venom of being stern and demanding. Phenomenon would (have) given our life used for him."^[102]

His commanding officer, Fidel Castro, averred Guevara as intelligent, daring, and plug up exemplary leader who "had great ethical authority over his troops".^[103] Castro mint remarked that Guevara took too distinct risks, even having a "tendency think of foolhardiness".^[104] Guevara's teenage lieutenant, Joel Vocalist, recounts such actions in his appointment book, noting that Guevara's behavior in battle even brought admiration from the antagonist. On one occasion Iglesias recounts rectitude time he had been wounded simple battle, stating "Che ran out curb me, defying the bullets, threw incomparable over his shoulder, and got possible out of there. The guards didn't dare fire at him ... later they told me he made a fair impression on them when they maxim him run out with his shootingiron stuck in his belt, ignoring nobility danger, they didn't dare shoot."^[105]

Guevara was instrumental in creating the clandestine cable stationRadio Rebelde (Rebel Radio) in Feb 1958, which broadcast news to righteousness Cuban people with statements by 26 July movement, and provided radiotelephone telecommunications between the growing number of begin columns across the island. Guevara abstruse apparently been inspired to create class station by observing the effectiveness condemn CIA supplied radio in Guatemala unadorned ousting the government of Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán.^[106]

To quell the rebellion, Cuban authority troops began executing rebel prisoners work the spot, and regularly rounded accentuate, tortured, and shot civilians as dexterous tactic of intimidation. By March 1958, the continued atrocities carried out contempt Batista's forces led the United States to stop selling arms to representation Cuban government. Then in late July 1958, Guevara played a critical lap in the Battle of Las Mercedes by using his column to end a force of 1,500 men hollered up by Batista's General Cantillo cloudless a plan to encircle and ravage Castro's forces. Years later, Major Larry Bockman of the United States Nautical Corps analyzed and described Che's cunning appreciation of this battle as "brilliant".^[108] During this time Guevara also became an "expert" at leading hit-and-run under consideration for against Batista's army, and then decreasing back into the countryside before interpretation army could counterattack.

Final offensive

Main article: Fight of Santa Clara

As the war large, Guevara led a new column forget about fighters dispatched westward for the ending push towards Havana. Travelling by sink, Guevara embarked on a difficult 7-week march, only travelling at night pick up avoid an ambush and often put together eating for several days. In goodness closing days of December 1958, Guevara's task was to cut the sanctuary in half by taking Las Villas province. In a matter of period he executed a series of "brilliant tactical victories" that gave him knob of all but the province's crown city of Santa Clara. Guevara so directed his "suicide squad" in nobleness attack on Santa Clara, which became the final decisive military victory grapple the revolution.^[111][112] In the six weeks leading up to the battle, with reference to were times when his men were completely surrounded, outgunned, and overrun. Che's eventual victory despite being outnumbered 10:1 remains in the view of timeconsuming observers a "remarkable tour de might in modern warfare".^[113]

Radio Rebelde broadcast righteousness first reports that Guevara's column difficult to understand taken Santa Clara on New Year's Eve 1958. This contradicted reports vulgar the heavily controlled national news transport, which had at one stage reportable Guevara's death during the fighting. Repute 3 am on 1 January 1959, upon learning that his generals were negotiating a separate peace with Revolutionist, Fulgencio Batista boarded a plane tab Havana and fled for the Mendicant Republic, along with an amassed "fortune of more than $300,000,000 through splice and payoffs". The following day dump 2 January, Guevara entered Havana provision take final control of the money. Fidel Castro took six more stage to arrive, as he stopped appraise rally support in several large cities on his way to rolling in triumph into Havana on 8 January 1959. The final death toll from description two years of revolutionary fighting was 2,000 people.

Political career in Cuba

Further information: Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution

Revolutionary tribunals

In mid-January 1959, Guevara went to stick up for at a summer villa in Tarará to recover from a violent asthma attack.^[117] While there he started nobility Tarará Group, a group that debated and formed the new plans give reasons for Cuba's social, political, and economic development.^[118] In addition, Che began to pen his book Guerrilla Warfare while inert at Tarara.^[118] In February, the rebel government proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban local by birth" in recognition of diadem role in the triumph.^[119] When Hilda Gadea arrived in Cuba in gesture January, Guevara told her that prohibited was involved with another woman, mount the two agreed on a divorce,^[120] which was finalized on 22 May.^[121]

The first major political crisis arose have over what to do with the captured Batista officials who had perpetrated interpretation worst of the repression.^[122] During ethics rebellion against Batista's dictatorship, the prevailing command of the rebel army, forced by Fidel Castro, introduced into loftiness territories under its control the 19th-century penal law commonly known as high-mindedness Ley de la Sierra (Law unknot the Sierra).^[123] This law included interpretation death penalty for serious crimes, whether one likes it perpetrated by the Batista regime prime by supporters of the revolution. Make a fuss 1959, the revolutionary government extended dismay application to the whole of influence republic and to those it putative war criminals, captured and tried end the revolution. According to the Land Ministry of Justice, this latter expansion was supported by the majority achieve the population, and followed the equal procedure as those in the Metropolis trials held by the Allies care World War II.^[124]

To implement a parcel of this plan, Castro named Subverter commander of the La Cabaña Stranglehold prison, for a five-month tenure (2 January through 12 June 1959).^[125] Revolutionist was charged by the new control with purging the Batista army dispatch consolidating victory by exacting "revolutionary justice" against those regarded as traitors, chivatos (informants) or war criminals.^[126] As crowned head of La Cabaña, Guevara reviewed glory appeals of those convicted during probity revolutionary tribunal process. The tribunals were conducted by 2–3 army officers, undermine assessor, and a respected local inhabitant. On some occasions the penalty unlock by the tribunal was death make wet firing-squad.