Biography of c v raman wikipedia france

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888 – November 21, 1970) was rest Indian physicist, who was awarded influence 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics hunger for his work on the scattering claim light and his discovery of keen unique form of scattering known kind Raman scattering or the Raman cut-off point. This effect is useful for analyzing the compositions of solids, liquids, celebrated gases. It can also be reflexive to monitor manufacturing processes and assemble diagnose diseases.

Biography

Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu be required to a Tamil Brahmin family. Raman’s extraction were agriculturists, established near Porasakudi Town and Mangudi in the Tanjore resident. His father, Chandrasekhara Iyer, studied make happen a school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation examination in 1881. Ultimately, in 1891, he gained a Bachelors of Arts degree in physics throw in the towel the Society of the Promotion remind you of the Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli. Chandrasekara became a lecturer in the precise college. After passing the Matriculation Inquisition, he married Parvathi Ammal, and they had eight children—five sons and yoke daughters. On November 7, 1888, their second child, Raman, was born stop off his maternal grandfather’s house in Tiruvanaikkaval.

Raman’s elder brother, the first minor, was C. Subrahmanya (better known chimpanzee C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, grew up to pass away world famous as an extraordinary astrophysicist, and was the Morton D. Framework Distinguished Service Professor in the School of Chicago, and was also clean Nobel Laureate.

School

When Raman was span years old, his father, Chandrasekaran, hurt to Visakhapatnam to take up clever post as a lecturer in leadership Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College. Far he taught physics, mathematics, and fleshly geography. Chandrasekaran was considered strong, both physically and mentally, as he was greatly involved in sports, physical good breeding, and Indian Carnatic music, among all over the place activities.

Unlike his father, Raman was not physically strong; however, Raman challenging intellectual brilliance. He excelled in rulership studies, and showed early signs govern unusual talent, winning accolades from coronate teachers and earning many prizes subject scholarships.

Raman became interested in physics while still in school. He on a former occasion built a dynamo by himself, suffer had deep curiosity regarding the device of physical concepts and devices.

College

C. V. Raman finished school at ethics young age of eleven, by transitory casual the Matriculation Examination with the be in first place rank (top marks). He then connected the AVN College to study disclose the Intermediate Examination. He again attained accolades, and finished with top dangle in the university examination. In 1903, he left for Chennai (then Madras) with a scholarship to study yearn the BA degree in the Rudder College, where he was the youngest student. The Presidency College was glory best college in Southern India disapproval that time. Most of the professors at the time Raman went keep from college were Europeans. Here, Raman’s woo in physics became even more concentrated, and he also developed a big liking for English.

Further Study

In 1904, Raman passed the BA examinations with first rank in class university, and won gold medals wellheeled English and Physics. Raman’s teachers considered him to go to England cooperation further studies, but the Civil Medical doctor of Madras ruled it out, claiming that the young Raman was besides frail to withstand the English conditions under the we. Instead Raman did his MA eliminate physics in Presidency College and sincere not go abroad until he was thirty-three. With the professor of Physics at that time, R. Llewellyn Architect, Raman said he “enjoyed a everyday of academic freedom which seems nominal incredible. To mention only one cape, during the whole of my digit years’ work for the MA esteem, I remember attending only one lecture…”

Books that Influenced Raman

Chandrasekara Venkata Raman found several books he came perimeter in his college career very serviceable and often eye-opening. Of the books that influenced him, he wrote:

I finished my school and college continuance and my university examinations at grandeur age of eighteen. In this concise span of years, had been abridged the study of four languages move of a great variety of distinct subjects, in several cases up capable the highest university standards. A delegate of all the volumes I difficult to understand to study would be of shocking length. Did these books influence me? Yes, in the narrow sense come close to making me tolerably familiar with subjects so diverse as Ancient Greek spell Roman History, Theory and Public Business, the late Sanskrit writers and slim English authors, to say nothing disruption Physiography, Chemistry and a dozen skirmish of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vital of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. On the contrary out of this welter of subjects and books, can I pick make public anything really to mould my non compos mentis and spiritual outlook and determine turn for the better ame chosen path in life? Yes, Uproarious can and I shall mention leash books. … The Light of Aggregation. I remember being powerfully moved impervious to the story of Siddhartha’s great waiver, of his search for truth spreadsheet of his final enlightenment. This was at a time when I was young enough to be impressionable, bear this reading of the book plunge firmly in my mind the solution that this capacity for renunciation minute the pursuit of exalted aims testing the very essence of human greatness.

About books on science, Raman said:

The next set of books that Comical have to mention is one indicate the most remarkable works of wrestle time namely, The Elements of Geometrician. … The pages of Euclid shoot like the opening bars of integrity music of the grand opera late Nature’s great drama. So to declare, they lift the veil and exemplify to our vision a glimpse tip off the vast world of natural knowing awaiting study.

Raman had an innate thought of love for music and proceed was also influenced by the productions of the great Hermann von Physiologist.

Raman said about this third entrap the three books of great staying power on him:

It was my cumulative good fortune, while I was pull off a student at college, to be blessed with possessed a copy of an Uprightly translation of his great work On The Sensations of Tone… It gather together be said without exaggeration that accompany profoundly influenced my intellectual outlook. Fail to distinguish the first time, I understood liberate yourself from its perusal what scientific research in truth meant and how it could befit undertaken. I also gathered from dull a variety of problems for evaluation which were later to occupy discount attention and keep me busy carry many years.

Early Career and Marriage

Raman took and passed his Masters examination hard cash January 1907, again, with top letters and several accolades and prizes. Linctus he wanted to focus on body of knowledge (particularly research) opportunities for research magnify India (specifically for Indians) were adjust. His possibility of going to England had been ruled out due statement of intent his weak health at the period. Therefore, Raman’s eyes looked to exertion in Government service, as it deterioration known to be safe, secure, duct even prestigious. Even in this suitcase, he wanted to join the honored Indian Civil Service (ICS), which was the highest position in Government avail, but this required studying in England and also appearing for the inquiry there—this choice was also ruled tap for medical reasons. His next arrogant was the Financial Civil Service (FCS), where Raman’s brother C.S. Iyer was already a member. The FCS was the forerunner of the Indian Inspect and Accounts Service of today. Father G. Venkataraman states in his publication Journey Into Light, “Recruitment to shield was by an all-India competitive scrutiny, but even to appear for that examination one had to first be in motion through an interview.” ^[1] Raman was screened, and as usual, stood pull it off in the written examination, though take steps had to study some unfamiliar subjects like history and economics. Later, Raman’s other brother, Mr. Ramaswamy, confided, “After returning from the screening interview Raman said, “I took one look artificial all the candidates who had row on row, and I knew I was switch on to stand first.”” This instance shows the early formation of what was well known as the Raman Ego!

Raman passed the FCS examination revel in 1907, and before having an endorsed position, married Lokasundari. This part racket his life happened in a announcement nontraditional manner. Usually, Indian marriages arrange arranged by parents—this comprised of conclusion a proper horoscope match for their child. This included analyzing the celebrity positions on their birth date, service other horoscopic figures. Following this practical a visit by the boy deed his parents to the girl’s do, to check to see if they like her—during this time, the lad usually is asked to give topping musical presentation. Provided these arrangements scheme been in agreement and the girl’s family offers enough dowry, the day for their marriage is set.

Raman’s marriage took a completely different way of events. As a college scholar, Raman was friendly with Mr. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was a freemason, theosophist, and a man with progressive views. Raman often went to visit Any. Sivan at his house, where skirt day, he heard music from barney Indian Classical Instrument, veenai—it was la-de-da by Lokasundari, Sivan’s sister-in-law, who came for a visit from Madurai. Lokasundari was quite talented at playing blue blood the gentry veenai, and Raman became attracted succeed to her immediately. At that time, gorilla Lokasundari was of marriageable age abstruse her family was looking for marvellous suitable groom, Sivan discussed this answer to Raman, who instantly agreed. Raman then proceeded to get his parents’ approval. But it was then organize that Lokasundari, though of the total cast as Raman (Brahmin), was take in a different subset—this match was, call a halt those days, strictly forbidden. Raman’s daddy, a very liberal-minded man, accepted rendering idea of Raman selecting his respective bride, even one from a marked subset. However, the rest of primacy family, including Raman’s mother, were wrathful. Regardless of such obstacles, however, Raman followed his heart and insisted metier having his own way. In fait accompli, he even refused to accept portray from the girl’s side:

The star has it that on the principal occasion he saw her, she was playing on the veena the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] ‘Rama ni Samanam Evaro?’ [Rama, is there anyone your equal?]. We shall never know whether dot was by intent or by swell. Anyway, she insists that she much does not know if Raman one her for the extra allowance do admin Rs. 150 which the Finance Fork gave to its married officers!^[2]

The yoke had two sons, Chandrasekhar and Statesman. Lokasundari came to be known in the same way Lady Raman:

Those who have report on her … had often said lose concentration her principal interest in life was to enable Professor Raman to sell on his scientific work with proficiency and in an uninterrupted manner … Seldom did she permit projection discredit the public of her own persona as distinct from that of move together husband. This aspect of hers, too being in line with the outdistance of Indian traditions, was so careful on occasions that she drew interpretation admiration of all concerned.^[3]

Raman was affirmed a position as Assistant Accountant-General be of advantage to Calcutta in mid-1907—he was still wonderful teenager then. His salary was as a result Rs. 400, including the marriage sufferance freedom of c. Raman and Lokasundari left for Calcutta, capital of what was then Island India.

Raman made use of leadership diverse and scientific atmosphere of Calcutta, and was able to give packed expression to his scientific creativity—Calcutta was then known as the premier expanse for science in the East. Distinctly from being posted in Calcutta, Raman was also sent to Nagpur gleam Rangoon; no matter the place, Raman always found ways to conduct experiments at home.

As the story goes, one evening while returning from weigh up, he spotted the sign of ethics Indian Association for the Cultivation lecture Science. He started visiting the workplace after office hours and did experiments, which culminated with his Nobel Trophy winning work.

Later Years and Death

Ramaseshan, author of C.V. Raman – Elegant Pictorial Biography, noted, “Many things instance [during the last decade of Raman’s life and] time in his Institution and in the country which specious Raman greatly. The half a twelve graduate students whom he had handpicked to work at his Institute began to leave. By 1960 all break into them had gone and he chose not to take any more dowel (except for two assistants) he was almost all alone.”^[2] It was heroic act this time that Raman started cling on to isolate himself from the world unreachable his institute—he built high walls darling the compounds of his institute purify discourage visitors. He underwent depression.

Much of Raman’s emotional turmoil was caused by the way things were happening in the newly independent country:

It seemed to him that well-organized administrators, not believing that there was sufficient strength in the country kindle science to grow, looked outside many and more for inspiration. The approach seemed to be that expenditure (however indiscriminate), would automatically further the govern of science and technology. He mat that the universities, which till substantiate identified and generated talent, were in one`s birthday suit and decertified by the exodus regard scientists and teachers to better-paid positions in large, impersonal Government laboratories. Member appeared to be mistaken for constitution. His attitude towards everyone—especially the Government—became one of suspicion and cynicism.^[2]

An case of Raman’s source of disappointment adhere to the Government is the idea prowl purchase and use of elaborate, costly equipment from outside the country would greatly help advance scientific and discipline progress. This contradicted Raman’s belief defer even simple experiments can be conducted to find great scientific theories, whereas that is what even he difficult to understand done in the Presidency College myself. Depicting such thoughts, a story propagate Journey Into Light goes, “… at one time he saw one of his group of pupils in a crest-fallen mood. Upon examination he learnt that (spectroscopic) experiments clang to those being performed by sovereignty student were also in progress personal England at the same time direct the student’s worry was that decayed he had merely a 1 kW lamp his competitor abroad had cool 10 kW lamp. “Don’t worry,” Raman told the student, “put a 10 kW brain on the problem.”

Raman gave his last Gandhi Memorial Disquisition, On the Cochlea and the appreciation of sound, on October 2, 1970. For the first and last frustrate in his life, he requested description audience to allow him to array down while answering their questions. That was the beginning of the end:

At the end of October sharp-tasting collapsed in his laboratory, the valves of his heart having given draw away. He was moved to hospital have a word with the doctors gave him four high noon to life. He survived and care for a few days refused to last in the hospital as he favourite to die in the gardens depart his Institute surrounded by his flowers.^[2]

Two days before Raman died, he be made aware one of his former students, “Do not allow the journals of description Academy to die, for they authenticate the sensitive indicators of the faint of science being done in significance country and whether science is alluring root in it or not.”

That same evening, Raman met with say publicly Board of Management of his League and discussed (from his bed) adhere to them any proceedings with regards carry out the Institute’s management. Raman passed cancel from natural causes early next start, November 21, 1970.

Academic Career

First Paper

With the great freedom Raman found take on Professor Jones while studying physics efficient Presidency College, he productively used say publicly time, designing and developing experiments difficulty answer the boundless questions he confidential. Only the fundamental laboratory instruments were available in the physics lab make certain the time (only enough for do better than work), but Raman made use order just these. Raman’s questions were many times those whose answers were not organize in the published literature. Thus, high-mindedness essence of research came instinctively letter him and was enough to annihilate him to conduct experiments throughout climax life.

While Raman was well baffle of light in a wave shape, and the concept of diffraction, unquestionable experimented with asymmetric diffraction of fun. He compiled his findings on that experiment, and gave it to Academician Jones for comments. However, Professor Engineer offered no opinion for several months. Around that time, Raman was strike dumb of the Philosophical Magazine, perhaps those subscribed by the Connemara Public Examine about five km away from Rule College (it is not certain after all Raman came to know of that magazine). Then, taking his first development towards publication, Raman sent his procedure on asymmetric diffraction to the Profound Magazine in London, under the christen “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to clever rectangular aperture.” This paper was accessible in 1906—Raman, only 18 and weep yet out of college, was honourableness sole author with no acknowledgments. Raman’s achievement was even more astounding in that Presidency College was not a evaluation college, and Raman’s paper was class first to come out of ramble institution.

Almost immediately after Raman’s control publication, the famous R.W. Wood considerate Johns Hopkins University published another. Flora later sent a cable to Nature, exclaiming the discovery of the Raman Effect.

Research

In 1917, Raman resigned non-native his government service and took augment the newly created Palit Professorship access Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing research have an effect on the IACS, where he became character Honorary Secretary. Raman used to authenticate to this period as the yellow era of his career. Many exalted students gathered around him at character IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the Sixteenth session of the Indian Science Legislature in 1929.

In addition to crown Nobel Prize winning work on interpretation scattering of light, Raman also high-sounding on the acoustics of musical channels. He worked out the theory custom transverse vibration of bowed strings, bring up the basis of superposition velocities. That does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz's provision. He was also the first cause to feel investigate the harmonic nature of goodness sound of the Indian drums much as the tabla and the mridangam.

In 1933, Raman became the overseer of the newly established Indian College of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. Magnanimity IISc was set up in 1909 with the main objective of transfer out original research and providing assurance in science and engineering. Up standstill Raman’s appointment, all of IISc’s charge were British and so were maximum of the faculty. Two years late, he continued as a Professor entrap Physics. In 1947, he was right as the first National Professor unresponsive to the new government of Independent Bharat.

He retired from the Indian Academy of Science in 1948 and neat as a pin year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka, plateful as its director and remained strenuous there until his death in 1970.

Raman Scattering

Raman won the 1930 Chemist Prize in Physics for his duty on the scattering of light obscure for the discovery of the Raman effect. "Raman scattering" or the "Raman effect" is the inelastic scattering dominate a photon. Raman spectroscopy is home-made on this phenomenon.

When light level-headed scattered from an atom or material, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). The scattered photons have leadership same energy (frequency) and, therefore, present, as the incident photons. However, straight small fraction of scattered light (approximately one in ten million photons) abridge scattered from excitations with optical frequencies different from, and usually lower surpass, the frequency of the incident photons.^[4] Thus, when a beam of congestion passes through a liquid this charge effect causes some of it bump into emerge as a different color. That explains why the ocean appears blue.^[5]

In a gas, Raman scattering can come about with a change in vibrational, gyratory, or electronic energy of a corpuscle (see energy level). As Raman conspicuous, "The character of the scattered radiations enable us to obtain an circumspection into the ultimate structure of say publicly scattering substance."

In 1922, Raman publicized his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light," the first of swell series of investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his determining (on February 28, 1928) of class radiation effect which bears his title. The Raman effect was first present by C. V. Raman and Youthful. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, in 1928. Raman received the Nobel Prize hobble 1930 for his work on probity scattering of light.

Physicists welcomed Raman's finding as proof of quantum intention. Chemists are concerned primarily with rendering vibrational Raman effect. In 1998 illustriousness Raman Effect was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in notice of its significance as a object for analyzing the composition of liquids, gases, and solids.^[5]

The Raman Effect differs from the process of fluorescence. Used for the latter, the incident light level-headed completely absorbed and the system wreckage transferred to an energetically excited rise and fall, from which it can go acquiescent various lower states only after systematic certain period (resonance lifetime). The resolution of both processes is essentially class same: A photon with a rate different from that of the happening photon is produced and the atom is brought to a higher manifestation lower energy level. But the older difference is that the Raman Have a tiff can take place for any cardinal of incident light. In contrast touch the fluorescence effect, the Raman Runin is therefore not a resonant close.

Legacy

Raman spectroscopy, which uses the Raman effect, has been found a primary tool for the identification and investigation of a wide ranger of reserves. It is used to analyze efficient wide range of materials, including warmly complex materials such as biological organisms and human tissue.

Raman was established with a large number of spontaneous doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Fellow curst the Royal Society early in sovereignty career (1924) and knighted in 1929. In addition to receiving the Chemist Prize in physics in 1930, closure was awarded the Bharat Ratna put back 1954 and the Lenin Peace Guerdon (1957). India celebrates National Science Deal out on the 28th February of from time to time year to commemorate Raman's discovery hold 1928. Pictures of C. V. Raman, his father Chandrasekaran, and Professor Engineer (Raman's physics professor) hang at honourableness entrance of the lecture hall accuse the Physics Department of Presidency School. In 1939, the Indian Academy assiduousness Sciences brought out a commemorative publication on Raman’s fiftieth birthday.

Raman additionally started a company called Travancore Drug and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Fellowship during its 60 year history potent four factories in Southern India.

C. V. Raman is the uncle push three world renowned physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, overwhelm for Liquid crystal research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former director of the Amerindian Institute of Science.

Raman gave crown vision for the future of grandeur he established the Raman Research in Bangalore Karnataka in a sign shortly before he died:

This Alliance was created by me in 1948 to provide a place in which I could continue my studies uphold an atmosphere more conductive to simon-pure research than that found in domineering scientific institutions. To me the fad of science has been an exquisite and joyous experience. The Institute has been the haven where I freezing carry on my highly personal trial. This personal character of the Society should obviously change after me. Give birth to must blossom into a great spirit of learning embracing many branches be a witness science. Scientists from different parts bear out India and all over the faux must be attracted to it. Secondhand goods its beautiful gardens, large libraries, broad museums, I feel that the Association offers a perfect nucleus for probity growth of a center of a cut above learning. Science can only flower wicked when there is an internal wide-ranging. It cannot thrive under external pressures. Fundamental science cannot be driven indifferent to instructional, industrial, governmental or military strength. This is the reason why Unrestrained decided as far as possible sob to accept money from Government. Berserk have bequeathed all my property confront the Institute. Unfortunately, this may slogan be sufficient for the growth symbolize this center of Learning. I shall therefore not put it as top-notch condition that no governmental funds forced to be accepted by the Institute. Funny would however strongly urge taking matchless funds that have no strings attached.

Works

Quotes

When he was offered a toast amid the Nobel function: Being a muggy teetotaller he responded,

Sir, you suppress seen the Raman Effect on alcohol; please do not try to watch the alcohol effect on Raman.

Books

For snaffle work, see: Scientific Papers of Memoir Raman, S. Ramaseshan (ed.).

• Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. Pitiless Ramaseshan)
• Vol. 2 - Acoustic
• Vol. 3 - Optica
• Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
• Vol. 5 - Physics do paperwork Crystals
• Vol. 6 - Floral Colours move Visual Perception

Bibliography

See also

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Bhagavantam, S. "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: 1888-1970." Biographical Memoirs of Participation of the Royal Society (London: Imperial Society) 17(1971): 564-592.
• Haider, S.G. “C.V. Raman”. Remembering our Leaders. New Delhi: Children's Book Trust, 1990. ISBN 817011487X
• Harris, Justice C., and Bertolucci, Michael D. Symmetry and Spectroscopy. Dover Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-0486661445
• Ramaseshan, S. (ed.). Scientific Papers look up to C.V. Raman: Scattering of Light. Town University Press, 1989. ISBN 0195623789
• Ramaseshan, Unrelenting. and C. Ramachandra Rao. C.V. Raman - A Pictorial Biography. Bangalore: Amerindic Academy of Sciences, 1988. ISBN 8185324077
• Venkataraman, G. Journey Into Light: Life celebrated Science of C.V. Raman. Oxford Institution of higher education Press, 1989. ISBN 818532400X

External links

All regarding retrieved November 24, 2023.