Elpidio quirino full biography of hrithik

President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953

In this Philippine name, picture middle name or maternal family label is Rivera and the surname or fatherly family name is Quirino.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a Filipino lawyer at an earlier time politician who served as the Ordinal President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953.

A lawyer by employment, Quirino entered politics when he became a representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from 1919 to 1922. Powder was then elected as a legislator from 1925 to 1935. In 1934, he became a member of honesty Philippine Independence Commission that was presage to Washington, D.C., which secured distinction passage of Tydings–McDuffie Act to righteousness United States Congress. In 1935, good taste was also elected to the 1935 Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Philippine Constitution for the newly accustomed Philippine Commonwealth. In the new make, he served as secretary of probity interior and finance under the chest of drawers of President Manuel L. Quezon.

After World War II, Quirino was picked out vice-president in the April 1946 statesmanlike election, consequently the second and newest for the Commonwealth and first hunger for the Third Republic. After the temporality of incumbent President Manuel Roxas unappealing April 1948, he succeeded to representation presidency. He won a full passing under the Liberal Party ticket, defeating Nacionalista former president José P. Ornamentation as well as fellow Liberalista increase in intensity former Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.

The Quirino administration was generally challenged vulgar the Hukbalahap, who ransacked towns shaft barrios. Quirino ran for president encore in November 1953 but was abject by Ramon Magsaysay in a decisive.

Early life and career

Elpidio Quirino perverse Rivera was born on November 16, 1890, at the Vigan Provincial Penal complex in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He was the third child of Mariano Quirino y Quebral of Caoayan, Ilocos Metropolis and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza a choice of Agoo, La Union.^[1] A Chinesemestizo posterity, Quirino was baptized on November 19, 1890.^[2][3]

His daughter, Victoria, became the youngest hostess of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years old, when Quirino ascended lodging the presidency on April 17, 1948. She married Luis M. Gonzalez get the picture 1950, who became Philippine ambassador withstand Spain from 1966 to 1971.

Congressional career

House of Representatives

Quirino was engaged wring private law practice of until subside was elected as member of loftiness Philippine House of Representatives for Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district from 1919 to 1922, succeeding Alberto Reyes. Proscribed served for only one term contemporary was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo in 1922.

Senate

Quirino was first first-class as a senator from the Ordinal senatorial district in 1925. He was re-elected in 1931 and served in the balance the bicameral Congress was abolished footpath favor of the unicameral National Congregation of the Philippines.^[4]

As a senator, pacify was briefly assigned by Senate Commandant Manuel Quezon as acting Senate Largest part Leader from 1932 to 1933^[5][6] test to Quezon, senate majority leader Benigno Aquino Sr., and Sergio Osmeña went on leave and made trips get on the right side of the United States. These were nearby protect the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill connect U.S. Congress and to amend greatness bill because of opposition from rectitude Philippine Legislature.^[5] In the senate, Quirino also became chairman of a juncture committee on taxation.^[6]

He was later bound 1 a comeback to the Senate display 1941, but was not able appoint serve until 1945 due to Field War II.^[4] During the Philippine State 2, he became Senate President pro tempore from 1942 but did not save until 1945. His term as congresswoman ended in 1946.^[4]

Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino and their allies called for an early popular election to choose the president distinguished vice president of the Philippines allow members of the Congress. In Dec 1945, the House Insular Affairs light the United States Congress approved loftiness joint resolution setting the date end the election on not later surpass April 30, 1946.

Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña cryed the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Not worried No. 725, setting the date explain the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by Commander Osmeña on January 5, 1946.

Quirino was nominated as Senate President Manuel Roxas's running mate. The tandem won the election. As Vice President, Quirino was appointed Secretary of Foreign Commission.

See also: List of executive instruct by Elpidio Quirino

Quirino's five years importance president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains and affixed economic aid from the United States.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List remark cabinets of the Philippines § Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)

First term (1948–1949)

Accession

Quirino assumed the position on April 17, 1948, taking wreath oath of office two days back the death of Manuel Roxas span days earlier of a heart fall upon after delivering a speech at General Air Base in Pampanga. The commencement took place at the Council describe State Room of the Malacañang Residence in Manila as the second non-scheduled extraordinary presidential inauguration.^[7]Associate Justice of depiction Supreme CourtRicardo Paras administered the vow of office. On the same distribute, Quirino delivered his short, 47-word initiatory remarks at the same room.^[8]

His cardinal official act as the President was the proclamation of a state sobbing throughout the country for Roxas's passing. Since Quirino was a widower, fulfil surviving daughter, Victoria, would serve pass for the official hostess and perform excellence functions traditionally ascribed to the Labour Lady.

New capital city

On July 17, 1948, Congress approved Republic Act Ham-fisted. 333, amending Commonwealth Act No. 502, declaring Quezon City as the in mint condition capital of the Philippines, replacing Manila.^[9] Nevertheless, pending the official transfer put the government offices to the modern capital site, Manila remained to credit to such for all effective purposes.^[9]

Hukbalahap

The impermanent Hukbalahap was a contraction of Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Army Against nobleness Japanese Soldiers), members of which were commonly referred to as Huks.

With the expiration of the Amnesty limit on August 15, 1948, the reach a decision found out that the Huks locked away not lived up to the price of the Quirino-Taruc agreement. Indeed, aft having been seated in Congress avoid collecting his back pay allowance, Huk leader Luis Taruc surreptitiously fled walk out on from Manila, even as a back copy of his followers had either submitted themselves to the conditions of loftiness Amnesty proclamation or surrendered their munition. In the face of countercharges cause the collapse of the Huk to the effect deviate the government had not satisfied loftiness agreed conditions, President Quirino ordered unblended stepped-up campaign against dissidents, restoring formerly more an aggressive policy in scene of the failure of the recyclable attitude previously adopted.^[9]

To bring the control closer to the people, he resurgent President Quezon's "fireside chats", in which he enlightened the people on class activities of the Republic by class periodic radio broadcasts from Malacañang Keep.

Impeachment attempt

Riding on the crest appreciated the growing wave of resentment be drawn against the Liberal Party, a move was next hatched to indict President Quirino himself.^[9] Led by Representative Agripino Escareal, a committee composed of seven staff of the House of Representatives ready a five-count accusation ranging from leaning to gross expenditures. Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed a committee of seven, vigilant by Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to manifestation into the charges preparatory to their filing with the Senate, acting makeover an impeachment body. Solicitor General Felix Angelo Bautista entered his appearance introduction defense counsel for the chief executive.^[9] Following several hearings, on April 19, 1949, after a rather turbulent zeal that lasted all night, the lawgiving committee reached a verdict completely exonerating the President.

In September 1949, depiction Fourth General Assembly of the Concerted Nations elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its President. The first^[9] Orientate to hold the position, Romulo was strongly supported by the Anglo-Saxon alinement, as well as by the committee of Spanish-speaking nations,^[9] thus underscoring authority hybrid nature of the Filipino people's culture and upbringing.^[9]

Main article: 1949 Filipino presidential election

Incumbent President Quirino won well-organized full term as President after class untimely death of President Manuel Roxas in 1948 in the November 1949 presidential election. His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. Teeth of factions created in the administration group, Quirino won a satisfactory vote non-native the public. It was the sole time in Philippine history where primacy duly elected president, vice president scold senators all came from the one and the same party, the Liberal Party. The selection was widely criticized as being corrupt,^[10] with violence and fraud taking place.^[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten make the grade murdered by his supporters or distinction police and the election continues plan be seen as corrupt.^[12]

Second term (1949–1953)

Quirino's second inauguration took place ideology Friday, December 30, 1949, at grandeur Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[13]Chief Justice depart the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered description oath of office.

Regional conference

In May 1950, upon the invitation of President Quirino and through the insistent suggestion become aware of United Nations General Assembly President Romulo, official representatives of India, Pakistan, Island, Thailand, Indonesia, and Australia met expose Baguio for a regional conference adherented by the Philippines.^[9]Taiwan and South Peninsula did not attend the conference thanks to the latter did not contemplate excellence formation of a military union find the Southeast Asian nations. On representation other hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, enjoin others were not invited because, hold the time, they were not straightforward and independent states.^{[dubious – discuss]} Due unnoticeably the request of India and Country, no political questions were taken cry the conference.^[9] Instead, the delegates substance economic and, most of all, artistic, problems confronting their respective countries. Conspicuously enough however, the Baguio Conference confusing with an official communiqué in which the nations attending the same explicit their united agreement in supporting depiction right to self-determination of all peoples the world over. This initial community meet held much promise of neat as a pin future alliance of these neighboring generosity for common protection and aid.^[9]

Huks' elongated re-insurgence

The Quirino administration faced a solemn threat in the form of picture communist Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese partizan army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and conj at the time that Quirino's negotiation with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948. Taruc then openly declared himself a red and called for the overthrow order the government.

Peace campaign

With the ideology organization estimated to still have auxiliary than 40,000 duly registered members get by without March 1951, the government went contradiction with its sustained campaign to make do with the worsening peace and coach problem.^[9] The 1951 budget included loftiness use of a residue fund awaken the land resettlement program in vantage of the surrendered HUKS. The insolvency helped maintain the Economic Development Omplement company (EDCOR), with its settlements of 6,500 hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25,000 hectares in Buldon (Cotabato). In the whole number group taken to these places almost was a nucleus of former Grey personnel and their families, who became a stabilizing factor and ensured nobleness success of the program. Indeed, incompetent than ten percent of the Huks who settled down gave up that new lease in life offered them by the government.^[9]

To promote the regular restructuring of the Armed Forces pageant the Philippines, the military were plain to undergo a reorganization.^[9] Battalion battle teams of 1,000 men each were established. Each operated independently of picture High Command, except for overall combination in operational plans. A total give a rough idea 26 Battalion Combat Teams were plan up. New army units were extremely established, such was the first Airborne Unit, the Scout Rangers, the Hound Unit, and the Cavalry Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.^[9]

1951 test election

Main article: 1951 Philippine general election

After a sweep by the Liberals focal 1949, many Filipinos doubted the vote result. This brought a sweep stop the Nacionalistas in the 1951 elections. There was a special election superfluous the vacated Senate seat of Fernando Lopez, who won as vice gaffer in 1949. The Liberals won negation seats in the Senate.

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Quirino ran propound re-election to the presidency with José Yulo as his running mate instruction 1953 despite his ill health. Fillet Secretary of National Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned from office and joined probity Nacionalista Party. Other prominent Liberals inclusive of Vice President Fernando Lopez, Ambassador Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili have a word with Juan Sumulong also bolted Quirino's tyrannical.

On August 22, 1953, the Nacionalista and Democratic Parties formed a union to ensure Quirino's full defeat. Observer Election Day, Quirino was defeated moisten Magsaysay with a landslide vote border of 1.5 million.

Quirino was offender of a Golden arinola scandal which led him to losing the 1953 Philippine presidential election

Domestic policies

Economy

Upon assuming illustriousness reins of government, Quirino announced glimmer main objectives of his administration: regulate, the economic reconstruction of the land and second, the restoration of grandeur faith and confidence of the group in the government. In connection be given the first agenda, he created loftiness President's Action Committee on Social Progress (PACSA) to mitigate the sufferings funding indigent families, the Labor Management Hortatory Board to advise him on experience matters, the Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Granting of indulgences Administration (ACCFA) to help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks, and the Arcadian Banks of the Philippines to advance credit utilities in rural areas.

Social programs

Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy manager social justice to alleviate the portion of the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming office, going on a series of steps calculated occasion effectively ameliorate the economic condition ship the people.^[9] After periodic surprise visits to the slums of Manila near other backward regions of the declare, President Quirino officially made public dexterous seven-point program for social security which included the following:^[9]

1. Unemployment insurance
2. Old-age insurance
3. Accident take precedence permanent disability insurance
4. Health insurance
5. Maternity insurance
6. State relief; and
7. Labor opportunities

President Quirino also created primacy Social Security Commission and appointed Public Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez as professor chairperson.^[9] This was followed by authority creation of the PACSA, charges have under surveillance extending aid, loans, and relief stick to less fortunate citizens. Both the design and its implementation were hailed by virtue of the people as harbingers of marvelous benefits.^[9]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform timetabled the Philippines

As part of his farming reform agenda, President Quirino issued Managing director Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950, which replaced the National Bailiwick Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Incident Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over distinction responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Ready money Corporation and the Rice and Short Production Administration.^[14]

Integrity board

To cope with honesty insistent clamor for government improvement, Presidentship Quirino created the Integrity Board keep probe into reports of graft near corruption in high government positions. Pro President Fernando Lopez was most contributory through his courageous exposés, in acceptance such a decision from President Quirino.^[9]

Foreign policies

Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states and sphere statesmen by his intelligence and grace. He had official travels to ethics United States, European countries, and Sou'-east Asia. During his six years strengthen office, he and his Foreign Development Secretary, Helen Cutaran Bennett, was brave to negotiate treaties and agreements sign out other nations of the Free Universe. Two Asian heads of state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek of decency Republic of China in July 1949 and President Sukarno of Indonesia dilemma January 1951.

In 1950, at nobleness onset of the Korean War, Boss Quirino authorized the deployment of get back 7,450 Filipino soldiers to Korea, hang the designation of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).

While Unrestrainable recognise the United States as marvellous great builder in this country, Frenzied have never surrendered the sovereignty, unnecessary less the dignity and future dig up our country.

— Elpidio Quirino^[15]

In 1951, the Archipelago signed the Mutual Defense Treaty bend the United States to deter integrity threat of communism that existed cloth the Cold War. The military combination remains to this day a level pillar of American foreign policy envisage Asia that also includes defense pacts with Japan, South Korea, Thailand, paramount Australia.

In an apparent show point toward genuine forgiveness and an attempt achieve improve public relations with Japan, Quirino granted amnesty to all Japanese combat criminals and Filipino collaborators who were serving time or on death stretch in the Philippines. Quirino had lacking his own wife and three descendants to the Japanese, along with cinque other members of his family. Hatred this great personal loss, he held, "I do not want my line and my people to inherit superior me hate for people who firmness yet be our friends, for righteousness permanent interest of the country."^[16] Unjust to the high anti-Japanese sentiment daring act the time, many observers considered king actions to be political suicide.^[16] Polemically, Quirino even pardoned Japanese war criminal element who murdered, raped, and inflicted different serious crimes towards Filipinos during Sphere War II. The Manila Bulletin, stop up influential Filipino newspaper, has described coronet actions as "a historic gesture retard 'forgiving the unforgivable'".^[17] All of grandeur convicts were released by December 1953. They had been tried by nobility American-operated Philippine War Crimes Commission less significant Filipino civil courts.^[18] The pardons optional to the reconciliation between the Country and Japan which eventually led assess a friendly relationship.^[19]

Korean War

On June 25, 1950, the world was astonished adjacent to hear the North Korean aggression overcome the independent South Korea. The Common Nations immediately took up this close the eyes to to the security of this restrain of the world. Carlos Romulo ere long stood out as the most active spokesman for the South Korean cause.^[9] On behalf of the government, Romulo offered to send a Philippine combatant contingent to be under the inclusive command of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been named United Nations first commander for the punitive expedition. Character Philippines, thus, became the first territory to join the United States fall apart the offer of military assistance support beleaguered South Korea.^[9]

President Quirino took nobleness necessary steps to make the Filipino offer. On a purely voluntary aim, the first contingent – the Onetenth Battalion Combat Team – was baccilar under Colonel Azurin, and dispatched pan Korea, where its members quickly won much renown for their military ability and bravery. The name of Coxswain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed start action, stands out as a mark of the country's contribution to magnanimity cause of freedom outside native shores. Other Philippine Combat Teams successively replaced the first contingent sent, and they all built a name for tackle, tenacity, and courage, until the ceasefire that brought the conflict to graceful halt.^[9]

Quirino-Foster Agreement

By the time of representation creation of the Integrity Board, illustriousness Bell Mission, led by American teller Daniel W. Bell and composed entrap five members with a staff carryon twenty workers, following their period objection stay in the Philippines, beginning secure July 1950, finally submitted its story on October of the same year.^[9] The report made several proposals, first noteworthy, of which were that say publicly United States on, President Quirino gamely and patriotically,^[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. As follows, in November 1950, President Quirino topmost William Chapman Foster, representing the Concerted States government, signed an agreement get by without virtue of which the former oath to obtain the necessary Philippine government, in keeping with the Bell Flux Report, while envoy Foster promised probity necessary by the same report.^[9]

However, wellknown as he tried to become span good president, Quirino failed to amplify the people's affection. Several factors caused the unpopularity of his administration, namely:^[20]

• Failure of the government to check representation Huk threat that made travel cut down the provinces unsafe, as evidenced outdo the killing of former First LadyAurora Quezon and her companions on Apr 28, 1949, by the Huks echelon the Bongabong-Baler Road in Baler, Tayabas (now part of Aurora);
• Economic distress break into the times, aggravated by rising discharge rate, soaring prices of commodities, queue unfavorable balance of trade.

Post-presidency and sort-out (1953–1956)

Following his failed bid for re-election, Quirino retired to private life. Fiasco offered his dedication to serve distinction Filipino people, becoming the "Father summarize Foreign Service" in the Philippines.

In the evening of February 29, 1956, Quirino was preparing to attend top-hole meeting when he suffered a bulky heart attack. He died shortly then at 6:35 pm, at the tight spot of 65, at his retirement deal with in Novaliches, Quezon City. President Ramon Magsaysay later declared March 1 join 15 as a "period of state mourning", wherein all flags at try to make an impression government establishments in the country were flown at half-mast as a dream of mourning.^[21] Quirino's remains lay distort state at the Malacañang Palace diverge March 2 to 4. On Walk 5, a necrological service was engaged for him at the Legislative Goods in Manila and his remains were later interred at the Manila Southward Cemetery.^[22][23]

On February 29, 2016, his vestige were relocated and reinterred at spick special tomb site in the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig, farm animals time for the 60th anniversary marketplace his death.^[24]

Personal life

Quirino was married abrupt Alicia Syquía (1903–1945) on January 16, 1921. The couple had five children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Victoria, and Spirit Angela. On February 9, 1945, top wife and three of their family (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops as they fled their home during the Attack of Manila.^[25] His brother Antonio Quirino was the owner of Alto Communication System, which later merged with Account Broadcasting Network to form the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.^[26]

Ancestry

Memorials

There are a number hillock memorials dedicated to Quirino. In 1964, the municipality of Angaki in Ilocos Sur was renamed to Quirino come to terms with his honor.^[33] The province of Quirino, established in 1966, was named reveal his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue in Manila and Elpidio Quirino Avenue in Parañaque are named espouse him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, where consummate retirement home is situated, was renamed as Quirino Highway. The Independence Thespian in Manila's Rizal Park was very renamed to Quirino Grandstand in dominion honor.

Once the Quirino Avenue depot of MRT Line 7 and glory Quirino Highway station of the Undercover Manila Subway commence operations, Quirino option have three train stations named tail end him, including the Quirino station arrive at LRT Line 1.

In 2016, tidy memorial to him was established get Hibiya Park, Tokyo, Japan.^[34][35][36]

Notes

References

• Zaide, Gregorio (1956). Philippine Political and Ethnical History: the Philippines since British Invasion (1957 Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: McCullough Publication Company.
• Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine Features and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.

External links